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It isn`t pollution that's harming the environment. It`s impurities in our air and water that are doing it. (Dan Quayle)

historically, absolutely, siphon, condition, urban, public, private, as­phalt, reservoir, periodic, scale, line, toilet, natural, complex, intersec­tion, architect, management, drainage, individual, cholera, population, irrigation.

natural sewage disposal — естественный сброс сточных вод;

natural water body — естественный водоём;

drain — водосток, дренажная канава, система осушения;

cesspool — сточный колодец;

plumbing pipes — зд. сточные канавы;

leak — течь, протечка, утечка;

siphon conduit — сифонный трубопровод;

sanitary conditions — санитарно-гигиенические условия;

water management system — водохозяйственная система;

precipitation — выпадение осадков;

sludge — густая грязь;

cesspit — помойная/выгребная яма;

fouls — нечистоты.

Historical Highlights

[Historically, human settlements were close to water sources, and rivers doubled a form of natural sewage disposal for early sewage was directed to a natural water body.]⁰

The Indus architects designed sewage systems on a large scale. The drains were seven to ten feet wide at two feet below ground level with U-shaped bottoms. Designers installed cesspools with steps leading down tor periodic cleaning. By 2700BC cities had plumbing pipes with broad flanges to stop leaks.

The first sanitation siphon conduits were found in Greece, and they are still (about 3,000 years!) in good condition.

Rome and Istanbul ancient sewer systems are perfectly function­ing, the pipes being rerouted to modern sewer treatment.

In 46 BC-400 AD Romans had a complex net of sewers out of hol­low elm logs butted together.

[Overcrowded communities required more intricate sewerage to meet high-quality sanitary conditions with outdoor flushed toilets.]⁰ There were public and private baths in urban areas, a sophisticated water management system with numerous reservoirs having been established.

However, many past cities had no sewers relying on the nearest riv­ers and occasional precipitation to cleanse. Wastewater was running down the streets with stepping stones to keep pedestrians from dirt and sludge. The over-polluted communities became a constant source of water-borne diseases. In South Wales inhabitants discharged their se­wage to cesspits causing the pavements to be flooded with fouls.

[Today, advanced drainage is a demand and humanity necessitates good water for drinking, supporting aquatic life, generating electric - power, irrigating crops, and recreation.]⁰ Thus, the need for perfect wastewater treatment cannot be overestimated. (1 460 п.зн.)

■ Historically, early human habitations were built close to water resources.

■ The past architects designed sewage disposal systems on a large scale.

■ The first sanitation systems are still, after 3,000 years, in good condition.

■ Developed countries required intricate sewer systems to achieve ideal sanitary conditions in crowded communities.

■ The population growth became a constant source of water- borne diseases.

■ Modern humanity does necessitate good quality water.

■ The need for perfect wastewater treatment cannot be overem­phasized.

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> Being vital and unique water...

> Early human habitations were...

> Many past cities had no...

> Ancient architects designed sewage disposal systems...

> To achieve better sanitary conditions early civilizations...

> Modern community badly needs...

> It is absolutely impossible to overestimate...

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