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A.

Introduction

Classification introduction

Methods classification introduction

Monitoring methods classification introduction

Quality monitoring methods classification introduction

Water quality monitoring methods classification introduction

Town water quality monitoring methods classification introduction

B.

Data

Lack data

Promotion lack data

Production promotion lack data

Components production promotion lack data

System components production promotion lack data

Sanitation system components production promotion lack data

C.

Benefits

Development benefits

Strategy development benefits

Reduction strategy development benefits

Threat reduction strategy development benefits

Pollution threat reduction strategy development benefits

Water pollution threat reduction strategy development benefits

Benefits for man are benefits for nature.

Information-to-Swallow (1) Reclaimed Water Use 1. Irrigation

Treated effluents can be used to irrigate crops or landscaped areas. The main consideration is the water quality and its suitability for plants. Another problem is public health and safety hazards from the potential presence of bacterial pathogens, parasites, and viruses.

2. Industrial use

Reclaimed water is ideal for industrial processes that do not require potable water. Industrial water contains evaporated cooling water, boi­ler-feed water, process water, and the around plant landscape main­tenance water. Any reuse is associated with corrosion, biological growth, fouling and foaming. These problems are also encountered when fresh water is used, though. Boiler-feed water should be sof­tened and demineralized.

3. Recreational use

Reclaimed water is widely used for basins, pools, ponds and lakes for swimming, fishing, boating, fountains, and fish farming. The greater the potential of human contact, the higher the treatment level required (coagulation, filtration, and disinfection).

4. Groundwater recharge of reclaimed wastewater is to lessen water table decline, protect groundwater in coastal aquifers against salt­water invasion, and store water.

It includes surface spreading in basins and direct injection into aquifers. The method improves the reclaimed water quality, for it per­colates through soil, unsaturated zone, and aquifer. Direct injection involves the pumping of reclaimed water directly into an aquifer. The

only disadvantage to be mentioned is the groundwater contamination risk.

5. Potable reuse

Although extensive research is being conducted, there are many ac­tive constraints on the determination of appropriate water quality cri­teria. The direct potable use of reclaimed municipal wastewater is li­mited because of public rejection and health, safety and aesthetic con­cerns. (1 560 п.зн.)

Дата добавления: 2014-12-29