Payoffs Associated with each Strategy

Choice of Strategy

Off-Record (Indirect)

The final politeness strategy outlined by Brown and Levinson is the indirect strategy. This strategy uses indirect language and removes the speaker from the potential to be imposing. For example, a speaker using the indirect strategy might merely say: “Wow, it’s getting cold in here” insinuating that it would be nice if the listener would get up and turn up the thermostat without directly asking the listener to do so.

Paul Grice argues that all conversationalists are rational beings who are primarily interested in the efficient conveying of messages [9]. Brown and Levinson use this argument in their politeness theory by saying that rational agents will choose the same politeness strategy as any other would under the same circumstances to try to mitigate face. They show the available range of verbal politeness strategies to redress loss of face. FTAs have the ability to mutually threaten face, therefore rational agents seek to avoid FTAs or will try to use certain strategies to minimize the threat.

Speaker (S) will weigh [2]:

1. the want to communicate the content of the FTA in question;

2. the want to be efficient or urgent;

3. the want to maintain H's face to any degree.

In most cooperative circumstances where 3. is greater than 2., S will want to minimize the FTA.

The greater potential for loss of face requires greater redressive action. If the potential for loss of face is too great, the speaker may make the decision to abandon the FTA completely and say nothing.

The number next to each strategy corresponds to the danger-level of the particular FTA. The more dangerous the particular FTA is, the more S will tend to use a higher numbered strategy.

1. No Redressive Action

v Bald On-Record leaves no way for H to minimize the FTA

2. Positive Redressive Action

v S satisfies a wide range of H’s desires not necessarily related to the FTA

§ Shows interest in H

§ Claims common ground with H

§ Seeks agreement

§ Gives sympathy

3. Negative Redressive Action

v S satisfies H’s desires to be unimpeded — the want that is directly challenged by the FTA

§ Be conventionally indirect

§ Minimize imposition on H

§ Beg forgiveness

§ Give deference

v This implies that the matter is important enough for S to disturb H

4. Off-Record

v S has the opportunity to evade responsibility by claiming that H’s interpretation of the utterance as a FTA is wrong

5. Don't do the FTA

In deciding which strategy to use, the speaker runs through the individual payoffs of each strategy.

Bald on Record:

ü enlists public pressure;

ü S gets credit for honesty, outspokenness which avoids the danger of seeming manipulative;

ü S avoids danger of being misunderstood.

Positive Politeness:

X minimizes threatening aspect by assuring that S considers to be of the same kind with H;

X criticism may lose much of its sting if done in a way that asserts mutual friendship;

X when S includes himself equally as a participant in the request or offer, it may lessen the potential for FTA debt;

X “Let’s get on with dinner” to a husband in front of the TV.

Negative Politeness:

^ helps avoid future debt by keeping social distance and not getting too familiar with the addressee;

^ pays respect or deference by assuming that you may be intruding on the hearer in return for the FTA;

^ "I don't mean to bother you, but can I ask a quick question?"

Off Record:

x get credit for being tactful, non-coercive;

x avoid responsibility for the potentially face-damaging interpretation;

x give the addressee an opportunity to seem to care for S because it tests H's feelings towards S;

x if S wants H to close the window, he may say "It's cold in here." If H answers “I’ll go close the window” then he is responding to this potentially threatening act by giving a “gift” to the original speaker and therefore S avoids the potential threat of ordering H around and H gets credit for being generous or cooperative.

Don’t Do the FTA:

· S avoids offending H at all;

· S also fails to achieve his desired communication;

· no overt examples exist.

Дата добавления: 2014-12-23