Further reading. Beth, lpet, PSN, is, TLA, Azhar, Didar,,, Tr, Keskin, rat, calbet, keep Inclusive relationships Furniture: Desk

Example No. 3

Beth, lpet, PSN, is, TLA, Azhar, Didar,,, Tr, Keskin, rat, calbet, keep
Inclusive relationships
Furniture: Desk, chair, sofa, bed, bench, stool, bench.
Example No. 4
Relationships crossing - collocative relations: far, far, far, far away, where Makar is not chasing the calves, in the middle of nowhere
Example No. 5
Correlation relations
Red - red, scarlet, crimson, purple, red

13.3. Reference submodule. Reference frames. "Glossary". List of basic and additional literature". "Reference sites"
11.3.1. Glossary
Synonyms are words close in meaning, but differ from each other or shades of meaning or stylistic colouring.
Synonymic line - a group of words combined in one a number of common values, but different from the dominant (main words of this number), or shades of meaning or stylistic colouring.
Inclusive relationships - relationships enable, when the connection between the individual item and the set is determined by its belonging to this set.
Collocative communication is the relationship of the intersection, when the same word can appear in several synonymic series.
Correlation is a relationship of interdependence and identity, as well as differences between members of the synonymic series.

10.3.2. The list of basic and additional literature

Key readings
Bragin, A. A. Vocabulary of the language and culture of the country in the linguistic aspect. - M: English, 1981.
Golovanova, P. To the question about the role of exchangeability in the isolation and definition synonyms /Synonyms of the Russian language and its features. - L.: Nauka, 1972.
Evgenyeva A. P. Draft dictionary of synonyms. - M., 1964.
Kazakova, T. A. Practical basics of translation. English - Spanish. - SPb.: Publishing House "Union", 2006.
Sipowicz C. S. Handbook of translator from Russian into English. Russian - English Translation Handbook. - Mn.: Tetrasystems, 2006.

Abisheva K. M. Kazakh-Russian language contacts and questions of assimilation of foreign words in the language system of the recipient. - Almaty: RIO VAK Republic of Kazakhstan, 2000.
Bizav With. Synonymer Kazakh language. - Almaty: “Arys” baspasy, 2007.
Evgenyeva A. P. Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. - M., 1975.
Kirichenko N. L. Relations of inclusion and ways of its linguistic expression. Abstract.Diss.Kida.the topic of degree work.Sciences. - L., 1987.
Klyuyev Century. N. Synonym dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 1961.
Polovnikova Century. And. Lexical aspect in teaching Russian as a foreign language at an advanced stage. - M., 1981.
Silin C. L. To the problem of synonymy //Problems of linguistics, 1987, No. 4.

Synonym dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 1975.
Cheremisin P. J. Stylistic synonyms in English. - M., 1976.
10.3.3. Informational sites
Uz - Translations: For translations
P3yum. Narod.ru\ library

10.4. Control training submodule. Operating personnel. "Job". "Exercises".
10.4.1. Job. Tasks for independent work of students (IWS)

Write an essay on the subject "Methods of translation synonyms Oia five".
Write a review about dictionary "Synonymer Kazakh language. - Almaty: "Arys" baspasy, 2007".

Tasks for independent work of students under the guidance of a teacher (SRSP)

Note from the "Dictionary of synonyms ("Ed. by A. P. Evgeniou 50 synonyms. Divide them into subgroups in accordance with the types of synonyms. Put them in Kazakh and English languages.
Make a chart of the ratio of synonymous several of the dominant and of the members of this paradigm.
Find synonyms in Kazakh, English, German languages in the word "beautiful". Compare ranks between them. Make your own conclusions.
Continue synonymous a number of words in the German language. Make the same a similar series of synonyms in Kazakh and English languages: Hund - Jagdhund, Wolfshund, Schaterhund, Windhund, Köter, Duchshund, Kettenhund, Spürhund, Hetzhund, Fox.
Define a group of synonyms and translate them into English: to disappear, to die, to die out; to flood, to inundate; outstanding, large, prominent (figure); a big, huge, enormous (house); painting, painting, canvas, fence, fence.
Data stylistic synonyms translate into Kazakh and English languages: to harm, to damage, to substitute the leg, put a pig; wife, spouse, my half, my mistress, Baba; optometrist, eye doctor, glasnik, beautiful, pretty, good as the picture, nice.
Identify the functions of synonyms in the following context: dear sir, " he began almost with solemnity, " poverty is not a Vice, it's the truth...But poverty, sir, poverty is a Vice (Dostoevsky). Bring on the Kazakh German, English languages. Check, whether the functions of the synonyms in the target language?
Determine which transfer used to transfer synonymous with OIA five in the following examples. Check whether equivalence, the proximity values:
talk
converse, speak (with)
talk
talk to
chat
chat (with)
polasaithe, potraits.
chitty - chat
Determine which transfer of synonyms used in the translation of the following synonyms:
a clerk - clerk
a doorkeeper - doorman
Put this synonymic series on Russian and English languages, keeping Hypo-gipertonicheskoj compliance dominant and members of synonymous paradigm: er, Batyr, airman, aarli, hunger, aiyan.

10.4.2. Exercises

Exercise # 1.
Insert instead points the proper meaning of synonyms:
It was lovchik, swindler, word,.....
The face was arrogant, it was not... a person who is suffering, and it was... otpetova person who would we... he met a nice woman, not.........
Exercise # 2
Rewrite the text, determine the types of synonyms
The table was carved from malachite, his colour was light green, not olive, not emerald and malachite. The color of the rose was not blood-red, and purple, most likely red, red. He walked quickly, but small steps, hopping along behind him. Ivan Petrovi was raised, thin, delicate, helpful person, so he could not, without respect of persons, to Express the truth in the face, and tried to bring its opinions using polite phrases.
Exercise # 3
Copy the text, paste in the appropriate sense frazeologicheskie synonyms.
This was the man about whom nothing is known, the word....
Everyone has their own problems, so to say.
Moses was a brilliant young man, handsome, clever, pure word.....
Exercise # 4
Rewrite the text, determine what the relationships are between the synonyms in the following contexts.
Utensils - spoons, plates, cups, saucers, cups.
He was deceived in his expectations, he objsource, it was objemail, overcharged as sticky.
Stuck like a Burr.

10.5. Control submodule. Control and personnel training. "Questions and answers on them." "Tests for intermediate control on"
10.5.1. Questions and answers on them

What words are called synonyms?
What types of synonyms highlighted in the language?
How do you understand the term "synonymic line"?
What links come together in a relationship of dominance and members of the synonymic series?
what links are called inclusive?
What links are called correlation?
What methods of translation, synonyms, you know?

Answer options answer Button A. Synonyms are words that are similar in znacheniya B. Synonyms are words close in meaning, but differ from each other or shades of meaning or stylistic colouring of Dane A. Ideographic, contextualizers B. Absolute, ideographic, stylistic, lexical and grammatical, idiomatic, synonymous, contextualizers A. Synonymic line is a group of words United by an expression of shared values.Dane B. Synonymic series is a series in which synonyms are connected by certain relations.Dane A. Inclusive, collocative, correlation of Dane B. Inclusive, of pereskioideae A. Inclusive communication is the relationship of peresecheniye B. Inclusive relationships activate when a certain element acts as a member of morestudent A. Correlation is correlative connection, when members of the synonymic series come not only in a relationship of interdependence, identity, and replicachanel B. Correlation is correlative relationship.Dane A. substitute, selection of functional analogy, generalization, concretization B. replacement trick.Danet

10.5.2. Tests for intermediate control on the subject
1. Some scientists believe that the allocation of synonyms should be considered the criterion denotation community?
A) C. N. Klyuev, V. A. Sirotina
C) A. A. Bragin
(C) A. P. Evgenyeva
D),P. Golovanov
E) J. D. Apresian
2. What are synonyms differ in intelligent semantic content?
A) Relational synonyms
B) Morphological synonyms
C) Ideographic synonyms
D) Syntactic synonyms
(E) Absolute synonyms
3. What is the function of synonyms is implemented in this context: wood - birch, poplar, ash, aspen, oak, elm, willow, larch, Redwood
(A) the substitution Function
In) Feature specification
C) Function identities
D) Function differenziali
(E) the characteristic Function
4. What is the transfer of synonyms used in this case: a miser, cheapskate, petty, winter snow will not beg; Sara, Ali tar, saibai, asany devil sat psed.
A) Receiving generalization
C) Receiving a specification of
(C) Receiving the selection of the functional equivalent of the
D) Receiving replacement of synonyms
(E) Transcription
5. What is the transfer of synonyms is if substitute synonyms OIA synonyms five: generous, never-failing hand, Myrza, Holy Ken.
A) Receiving generalization
C) Receiving a specification of
(C) Receiving the selection of the functional equivalent of the
D) Receiving replacement of synonyms
(E) Transcription

10.6. Statistical submodule. The resulting frames (feedback)
10.6.1. Answers to questions
Question # 1
A. Incorrect. A superficial answer.
B. the Correct answer.
Question No. 2
A. Incomplete response
B. Correct answer
Question No. 3
A. True. Well done!
B. response Surface
Question No. 4
A. the Correct answer
B. Incomplete response
Question No. 5
A. Wrong answer
B. True. You correctly answered the question
Question No. 6
A. a Detailed answer. True
B. Incomplete response
Question No. 7
A. the Correct answer
B. Incomplete response

9.6.2. Code to the tests
1) And
2) E
3)
4)
5) D
6)
7) D

The following property of the term is cognitive saturation. This property combines those aspects of the term, as the degree of accuracy of existing definitions, the degree of completeness, the existence of a system of knowledge (theory), in which is embedded the meaning of the term, the level of knowledge on the degree of universality or specificity, place this unit in the chain of historical development of cognition. The cognitive nature of the term is that the term appears as a result of the cognitive activity of a specialist, such as the conceptualization and verbalization of professional scientific knowledge. The structure of knowledge in a particular area is a set of concepts, combined a certain hierarchy and verbalized in the term as the name of the concept. Definitively and consistency of the term as a mark of special concepts predetermine frame organization of terminliste. The term can be attributed to scientific concepts, because, firstly, the term has such a component patterns common to all concepts as conceptual component. The term and concept, gives the definition of a scientific concept. Secondly, the term and concept contains the required level of knowledge in a particular area. In classical cognitive linguistics argues the view that the concepts presented patterns of knowledge. Thought E. C. Kubratovo, each linguistic phenomenon should be considered to be adequately described and explained only when it is considered at the intersection of cognition and communication"; the goal of cognitive linguistics "is not only to match each language form its cognitive counterpart, its conceptual or cognitive structure (thereby explaining the importance or the contents of a form through a specific cognitive structure, the structure of opinion or knowledge), but also to explain the reasons for selecting or creating this "package" to the content" [Kubrakov, 2004, 16].
Unlike other types of knowledge (national, linguistic, pragmatic, cognitive, mental, extralinguistically, knowledge axiological) the term concept is scientific knowledge that are specific to each area of the sphere of human activity.
In addition to providing the scientific knowledge, the term is a means of transmitting information and knowledge. Terms that are part of the language included in the system of knowledge of the world. So, I. P. Susov notes that "language is included in the complex system of cognition of the world, in the information-cognitive system, which interact thinking, consciousness, memory, and language. It is localized in the human brain. Its main purpose is to provide processes of perception from the outside, processing this information and save, transfer to other individuals" [Susov, 2002].
The terms included in the cognitive thesaurus person. The semantics of terms allows for analysis of cognitive-thesaurus approach. The essence of cognitive-thesaurus approach is to determine, as perceived by the person of an objective world in the process of mental activity, as absorbed knowledge about the world through the mental mechanisms of the language. In the process of cognitive-thesaurus approach reveals how the system terminology is a thesaurus organization of knowledge.
The thesaurus is understood as: 1) location, Treasury; 2) a way of organizing the material in this "store"; 3) the method of storage which allows you to efficiently simulate the world [Karaulov, 1981, 191].

Terminological thesauri (terminological system) are formed on the basis of cognitive and semantic criteria. Cognitive symptom is manifested in the fact that individuals, calling the objective world, compare some things with others, highlight their essential characteristics and are clueless about the subject, for example, to make the concept of the subject "chair" should compare it with the denotata belonging to the group of furniture: sofa, stool, bench, chair, stool and only on the basis of comparison of these items are identified such essential features of the subject "chair"as "rigid fixture for seat", "no arms", "designed to seat one person." On the basis of such evidence shall be drawn up definition - definition of chair: the chair is a rigid device that is designed to seat one person, with a back but no arms, and in this case we can speak about the conceptualization, the essence of which is that based on the essential features to make a concept about the subject. Next, each term that reflects the social experience and the results of the cognitive activity of individuals enshrined in various categories in the categorization and structuring of the language, when every fragment of objective reality, is assigned a specific name. The process of categorization of the concepts on the subject of objective reality and its semantic structuring in language occur during activation of the first and second kinds of linguistic contacts between near and objective world: 1) the first contact between linguistic and near the objective world is in cognitive activity; 2) the second contact occurs in a communicative activity, reproducing thoughts "in accordance with the recorded in the thesaurus system concepts" [Ganelina, 1993].
During the first and second type contacts are mental operations and cognitive activities such as perception, categorization, comparison, conceptualization). When updating the second set of contacts when the communication is verbal cognitive activities of individuals, expressed in raspredsetevaya and opredeljivanje language signs and the expression of subjective relations and meanings in relation to the object of thought. In the first and second series of contacts between linguistic and near the objective world is made terminological thesaurus in the field of scientific knowledge based on cognitive characteristics (conceptualization) and matematicheskikh (making topical delivery). In this case we can talk about the cognitive characteristics of a thesaurus as a thesaurus, realizing accumulative and reflective functions of language is knowledge of the world systematically in the form of a picture of the world, reflecting the relationship of humans with the surrounding reality. Knowledge about the world is stored in memory and consciousness "is not in the form of processed and prepared for oral performance of speech texts, and ordered the whole thematic groups related to cash spheres of life experience".
Cognitive trait thesaurus theme manifests itself in the relationship between words, when the concepts in the categorization and conceptualization are summed up under the rubric of experience, i.e., conscious, friend, are in thematic series and groups. According to C. G. shafikova, categorization is a generalization of (typing) parts of the world. Typing, or, in other words, the rendering to the type ("experience"), is constantly, continuously and independently of human consciousness. Summarizes what he sees (tree, bird, house, and so on), making (for example, a man riding on a boat, bike, carousel), what reflects distracted from the routine of life (e.g., grammatical phenomena, type, number, case, taxis and so on)that evaluates through the prism of their feelings [Shafikov, 2007, 3].

Thematic series also have a semantic basis. Words are combined into thematic series on the basis of expression of the same General concepts. The thematic range of terms the key word is nominative-thematic unit contrasted against the "basic concept of shades of concepts close to the concept of each private category, for example, in the terminology of fundamental terms (nominative-thematic units) contrasted the base, reference, and other private terms, revealing any scientific concept as shipenkov. Main term " hyponym calling a generic term, private in terms of thematic range is hyperonymy.
D. M. Frumkin, A. K. Zvonkin, O. N. The Larichev, V. B. Kasevich emphasized that the new knowledge is the result of the activity of our brain. Dictionary saves only what has already been laid there by the compiler.
The dictionary can not be considered as a database, as it does not generate new knowledge. New knowledge is generated in the perception of words in Association with other words, in the realization of their associative links [Frumkin, Zvonkine, Larichev, Kasevich, 1990].
Thus, the analysis of the main properties of the term, such as precision, unambiguity, no synonyms, antonyms, consistency, allows us to characterize it as a unit, is able to determine the scientific concept and perform cognitive function. Cognitive saturation, cognitive-semantic way of representing scientific knowledge in the thesaurus shows that these properties of the term should be retained in the target language.

11.1.2 the Ways of translation of terms
The main way terminology is calques. First of all, we should highlight the main sign, taken for the basis of this concept: this is a translation. "However, in contrast to translation in General, as the semantic transfer of foreign units, " writes L. N. Semenov, and borrowing as sound (letter) playback, a calque translation of the structural parts of foreign elements. The characteristic structural (not only semantic) similarity tracing paper distinguishes from other related items [Semenova, 1973, 136].
Many official terms were translated into the Kazakh language by copying the previous one, for example, Kenes (meeting), Erie (position), ARIS (petition), bury (order), tonteg (below), Geary krsiten (above), joana talmis (above), taiin the only (appointed), ATHINA (name), asna esene (at public expense), Sarala aldana (to take action), MTA polyp Otaru (feel the need), tn zhasau (apply), Sino (to offer) and other
In "English-Russian dictionary of Economics" (M., 2005) also observed the technique comes when translating English terms, such as: administration, tax abatement - tax discount, avise - of - credit, the abuse of credit. Compare also the technique comes from Russian into Kazakh in the works of I. C. Sartbaeva, B. Mamykovo,, Akylbekova and others: Internet - Internet delzer; real money - Tr Orgy, hard currency - atty currency, computer networks - computer jades, enter the file file CRU, active safe - asset Temir Sunday, white knight - AK poets, sluggish market - silber market price umbrella - BAA Alkatiri, the basket of currencies - currency organi and other
In the process of translation terms are actively used semantic, derivational and phraseological calques. Semantic calques is welcome when the term of the source language are rethinking acquires additional significance under the influence of another. Semantic calques is also a process motivated the investigation in a foreign language semantics of the image.

Semantic calque, entrenched in the language, included in the semantic system used by the foreign sample words on the position of his private values, for example: Colin (wave of the labour movement), Kyzyl (red), AK (white), Orta (medium), dauis (voice), when, saryn (motive), garys (competition), kures (scrum) and other
Morphological calques are formed as a result of convergent influence of another language, manifested in the comparison, for example, structural-semantic models of the Kazakh and Russian languages. In cases of word-formation comes from the new words appear in the design of their structural-semantic model of another language, in particular, Russian. So, most of the words from Russian, calcerrada in the Kazakh language by words and combinations of words, the combination of a root and an affix, for example: glissandi (unemployment), Altara (manuscript), Baneasa, technically (technical), scar (military), satirli (legal), stichele (natural), dnssd (powerless) and other
Following reception of translated terms is the use of samples, clichés, clichés as equivalents in the translation language. This technique, according to, today, is called monoclonality reception. This technique should be used in the process of translation terms in office. Such terminological combinations of the source language that have equivalents in the translation language, used when translating names of institutions, titles, positions, for example: birth certificate - to Turala CLK; Department of Finance - Argy Department and others [Akylbek, 2000].
Receiving a replacement or choice of synonyms in the target language. The essence of this method consists in replacing the original term or terminological combinations of similar meaning, or meaning of the term, terminalization in the target language, for example: based on the above - Geary bandaloni neshe, in combination with the current legislation - oldaily Jurgen Sagara Sykes, venture capital (venture - tocell Caspian, demurrage, dimeric biofeedback Trini ushin tlem and other
Descriptive translation. The essence of this method consists in the clarification of the term, the interpretation of its values, for example: in the dictionary R. K. Tokseitova "Economically ssdc anitanola. Economic dictionary" [Karady, 1999] this technique is used when translating the following words: underwriter - (ail. underwriter) - samandira komissiyasinin, thecult barely curlers samandira the wrestler Nemes it samandira ability ukit Telasi, 22 S.; basins organ (aggressive portfolio), Baldy knina Kurt Karl Culp Otyrar Baali Austar packet 38 S.; agenda (agenda) - kun trtb Keese, skerik candecode calilegua this meseleleri tsbus" [10C.].
Transliteration is a method of transferring graphic form words using the letters of the target language, for example: barter - barter,business - business, venture - venture, underwriter - underwriter, spicer speaker, averaging - average, market conditions - the market conjuncture, the title list - titular TSM, forward transactions - forward opercular and other
Thus, in the process of translating the source language into the target language by using the basic techniques of translation terms it is necessary to focus on preserving the essence of translated scientific concepts, its scientific significance and definitively. You should also follow the basic principles of carminabrowne, use and functioning of the terms that are different from words on their inherent characteristics.

11.2. Illustrative submodule. Illustrative frames. "Graphics". "Examples"
11.2.1. Graphics

Рис. 24 – Основные признаки термина

Fig.25 — Main signs of term concept

Fig. 26 - the Basic techniques of translation of the term

11.2.2. Examples
Example No. 1
Translation terminology of thesarus
Reprodutiva activities, bilingual identity of the translator's source text, text, translation, translation strategy, tactics, transfer, compensation, lacuna, realities, decoding, interpretation.
Example No. 2
Economic terminology system
Credit, tax, business, cash, audit, underwriter, supervisor, Accountant, letter of credit, guarantor, market maker, merchandising, dividends, rate-cash, credit operations

12.3. Reference submodule. Reference frames. "Glossary". "A list of basic and more literature. "Reference sites".
12.3.1. Glossary
Cognitive saturation of the term - the degree of accuracy of definition of the term, a system of knowledge, which is embedded in the meaning of the term
The term is a word or phrase special language, combined with the scientific concept of
Terminological system - a set of special words expressing concepts in any field of knowledge or production.
Terminology thesarus - way retention terms of any field of knowledge, distributed in mind for semantic and cognitive characteristics (conceptualization and categorization of terms) in tematicheskie rows and groups.

11.3.2. The list of basic and additional literature.

Key readings

Aliyev O. J. Economy terlinden Brenda mzeller // Terlinden Brenda mzeller. - Astana, 2005.
Analina L. K. Nomination and derivational relations. - Almaty, 1993.
Khaidarov Feasible Interventions.T. Kazak of terminologiassa iaasa csers. - Almaty, 1993.
Armanville W. Kazak of terminologiassa iaasa csers. - Almaty, 1993.
Speranskaya A. C., Podolsky, N. In., Vasiliev A. P. Common terminology: theory. - M.: Nauka, 1989.

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