History of aquaculture

Lesson 6

1. Read the words.

China

Egypt

alongside

hitherto

viviers

Amberjack

CNEXO

2. Master the active vocabulary:

brackish - соленый

extol - восхвалять, превозносить, хвалить

fertilization – 1)удобрение почвы, внесение удобрений; 2) оплодотворение

turbot - псетта, калкан (Psetta); тюрбо, большой ромб (Psetta maxima); калкановые (Scophthalmidae)

trout – форель

cannery - консервный завод

larva - личинка

3. Read the words and put down their Russian equivalents:

ancient activity _________________________________

captured ______________________________________

brackish waters ________________________________

artificial fertilisations of salmonids ________________

“aquimania fever”______________________________

sea aquaculture ________________________________

trout cage trials ________________________________

fish scraps ____________________________________

4. Think of eight questions covering the text. Put them to your group-mates.

5. To be translated in written.

Fish farming is an ancient activity. Pond growing of carp in China and tilapia in Egypt, was being done in 2000 BC. The Romans grew fish in “viviers”.

In Europe, fish farming in ponds developed in the middle ages with the spread of the monasteries. In the 15th century, fish were captured as they swam up into brackish waters and were maintained in pools.

The first fish farming trials are however credited to Jacobi, who performed the first successful artificial fertilizations of salmonids in 1763. It then wasn’t until the time of “aquimania fever”, extolling “shores everywhere converted into aquatic farms”, that the first “marine fish factories” were created in 1878 in the United States and 1883 in Norway. Work was done on all species. For example, artificial reproduction and fertilization of turbot were done as early as 1894 in England. Work done at St Vaast la Hougue in 1898 led Malard to write the following year: “Turbot farming will be possible and relatively easy”. It was also at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century that great efforts were made in transferring salmon populations between regions throughout the world (1875: California to New Zealand).At the same time, in the 1890s, trout farming started in Denmark. It grew considerably at the end of the 1960s as the fishes’ diet, hitherto based on fresh fish scraps from canneries etc. (which explains why such fish farms developed in Brittany, France, alongside the fisheries and canneries), was replaced by pelleted food. “New aquaculture”, which refers to sea aquaculture, started in Japan at the end of the 1970s with the on-growing of Amberjack (Seriola), in Norway with the first trout cage trials, and at research institutes in England, France and elsewhere with studies on the control of reproductive cycles. The first turbot larva was thus produced in 1972 at the CNEXO (which has since become IFREMER).

6. Answer the following questions:

1. What fish was grown in 2000 BC?

2. How did fish farming develop?

3. When did sea aquaculture start?

4. Who performed the first artificial fertilizations of salmonids?

5. What was made to transfer salmon populations between regions throughout the world?

7. Which of the following words are nouns? verbs? adjectives? adverbs? Why?

Long, shores, converted, aquatic, farm, marine, fish, factory, were, created, grew, considerably, end, diet, hitherto, based, fresh, fish, scraps, cannery, explain, such, developed, France, alongside, fishery.

8. Make sentences of the following words.

aquatic organisms, shellfish farming, the growing of cultured pearls, phytoplankton, on a large scale, raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures, a fish hatchery, human consumption.

9. Complete the sentences.

1. Fish farming is ….

2. In the 15th century ….

3. Artificial reproduction and fertilization of turbot ….

4. Trout farming ….

5. Sea aquaculture ….

6. Research institutes in ….

10. Pair work. Make a dialogue. Discuss main stages in the formation of aquaculture.

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