Production methods

Lesson 8

Mariculture

Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture

Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) is a practice in which the by-products (wastes) from one species are recycled to become inputs (fertilizers, food) for another. Fed aquaculture (e.g. fish, shrimp) is combined with inorganic extractive (e.g. seaweed) and organic extractive (e.g. shellfish) aquaculture to create balanced systems for environmental sustainability (biomitigation), economic stability (product diversification and risk reduction) and social acceptability (better management practices).

"Multi-Trophic" refers to the incorporation of species from different trophic or nutritional levels in the same system. This is one potential distinction from the age-old practice of aquatic polyculture, which could simply be the co-culture of different fish species from the same trophic level.

Mariculture is a specialized branch of aquaculture involving the cultivation of marine organisms for food and other products in the open ocean, an enclosed section of the ocean, or in tanks, ponds or raceways which are filled with seawater. An example of the latter is the farming of marine fish, prawns, or oysters in saltwater ponds. Non-food products produced by mariculture include: fish meal, nutrient agar, jewelries (e.g. cultured pearls), and cosmetics.

8. Answer the questions:

1. What are the main branches of aquaculture?

2. What defines difference between fish farming and freshwater prawn farming?

3. What problems are introduced by the developmental life cycle of the main species?

4. What is Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture?

5. What is the aim of Fed aquaculture?

9. Arrange the words in the order of appearance in the text.

Product diversification and risk reduction, the growing of cultured pearls, raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures, aquatic organisms, human consumption, phytoplankton, the age-old practice of aquatic polyculture.

10. Pair work. Discuss with your partner several branches of aquaculture. Write down the main terms.

1. Read the words.

diversified

activity

permanent

subsistence

towards

further

2. a) Cover the right column and read the English words. Translate them into Russian and check your translation.

b) Cover the left column and translate the Russian words back into English.

biological cycle rearing fatten breeder envisage

биологический цикл разведение; выращивание; выведение откармливать производитель 1) смотреть прямо в лицо (опасности, фактам) 2) обдумывать, размышлять, рассматривать

3. Read the words and put down their Russian equivalents:

time range ___________________________________________________

the real impression ____________________________________________

common products _____________________________________________

so-called ____________________________________________________

3. Change the words according to the model. Translate the words.

Model: expansion, to expand – растягивать

generalization, to ________________ - ____________________________

classification, to _________________ - ____________________________

reflection, to ____________________ - ____________________________

relation, to _____________________ - ____________________________

impression, to __________________ - _____________________________

4. Put down the Russian for:

fully controlled systems

highly diversified activity

means of production

young salmon

production methods

high value products

5. Master the words.

amberjack - сериола, желтохвост

bluefin - голубой тунец

tuna - тунец (рыба)

permanent – постоянный

restocking - возобновление запасов

6. Read and translate the text.

Fish farming, as its history suggests, is a highly diversified activity, varying according to the environment, objectives and methods used.

Rearing may cover all, or just some, of the biological cycle. In certain cases, only juveniles are produced, as is the case when young salmon produced in aquaculture are released for restocking or sea ranching. The opposite case is when controlled reproduction is not possible but it is possible to on-grow or fatten young wild fish. This is has been the case with the Amberjack in Japan for the last 30 years, and has also been used for bluefin tuna over the last few years. However, this means of production cannot easily develop further or become permanent without development towards complete control over the biological cycle.

Aquaculture in the strict sense refers to an activity based on the complete controlled production cycle of a fish species: from eggs to breeders. In cases like this the production methods are very varied: from rearing in ponds with no added food to fully controlled systems including water treatment and recycling. In practice, extensive aquacultural production is generally subsistence aquaculture or even, as in France, a form of land management for leisure activities (recreational fishing). More intensive production can only be envisaged for high value products. This is the case for juveniles (hatchery production) or when there are specific existing markets for consumption.

7. Make 10 questions to the previous text. Ask them to your group mates.

8. Find the corresponding English equivalents to these words and word combinations:

kelp seaweed microphyte salmon catfish tilapia cod carp trout crayfish crab

тилапия водоросль сом форель ламинария краб микроскопическое растение карп лангуст лосось

9. Read and translate the text. Give the title to the text. Define what the following numbers mean: 2003, 25%, 1999, 80%, 1.6.

A shrimp farm is an aquaculture business for the cultivation of marine shrimp for human consumption. Commercial shrimp farming began in the 1970s, and production grew steeply, particularly to match the market demands of the U.S., Japan and Western Europe. The total global production of farmed shrimp reached more than 1.6 million tons in 2003, representing a value of nearly 9,000 million U.S. dollars. About 75% of farmed shrimp is produced in Asia, in particular in China and Thailand. The other 25% is produced mainly in Latin America, where Brazil is the largest producer. The largest exporting nation is Thailand.

Shrimp farming has changed from traditional, small-scale businesses in Southeast Asia into a global industry. Technological advances have led to growing shrimp at ever higher densities, and brood stock is shipped world-wide. Virtually all farmed shrimp are penaeids (i.e., shrimp of the family Penaeidae), and just two species of shrimp—the Penaeus vannamei (Pacific white shrimp) and the Penaeus monodon (giant tiger prawn)—account for roughly 80% of all farmed shrimp. These industrial monocultures are very susceptible to diseases, which have caused several regional wipe-outs of farm shrimp populations. Increasing ecological problems, repeated disease outbreaks, and pressure and criticism from both NGOs and consumer countries led to changes in the industry in the late 1990s and generally stronger regulation by governments. In 1999, a program aimed at developing and promoting more sustainable farming practices was initiated, including governmental bodies, industry representatives, and environmental organizations

10. Translate the text from Russian into English.

Pair work. Make a dialogue of two sceintists.

Аквакультура — наука и искусство культивирования водных организмов — не новая область человеческой деятельности. В древних государствах Дальнего Востока аквакультурой занимались уже в 500 г. до н. э. О культивировании устриц и других водных организмов писали древнегреческие и римские авторы. К сожалению, аквакультура не развивалась такими же темпами, как сельское хозяйство. Использование научных и технических знаний при культивировании водных организмов сдерживалось по нескольким причинам. Человеку легче было изучить наземных животных и растения, чем водных, поскольку сам человек — наземное существо. В наиболее развитых странах снабжение населения продуктами питания происходило в основном за счет сельского хозяйства, поэтому там, где аквакультура могла бы развиваться, в этом не было необходимости.

Под термином «аквакультура» понимается разведение и выращивание водных организмов. Иногда употребляют и другие термины: «марикультура» или «морское рыбоводство», но они имеют более узкий смысл, поскольку подразумевают работы, проводимые только в морской или солоноватой воде. Аквакультура имеет более широкий смысл, поскольку охватывает все работы, проводимые как в пресной, так и в морской и солоноватой воде.

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