Diseases

Lesson 9

Muscular system

Lesson 8

1. Read the words.

alternately

muscles

conjunction

a swim bladder

adjust

buoyancy

manipulation

2. Master the words.

boost - 1) поддержка; 2) повышение

curve - кривая (линия); дуга

s-shaped - s-образный

friction - а) трение (процесс) б) сила трения

dense – плотный

3. Read the words and put down their Russian equivalents:

S-shaped curves ____________________________________

move down ________________________________________

backward force _____________________________________

an airplane's stabilizers _______________________________

extra boost _________________________________________

the amount of friction ________________________________

4. Spell the words:

It sounds like this	It is spelled like this
[bu:st] [wið] [set] [m˄sl] [bækboun] [fo:m] [fo:s] [kontræktiŋ] [fin] [Ɵru:] [ju:z]

5. Read the text and define the meaning of new words.

Translate the text.

Most fish move by contracting paired sets of muscles on either side of the backbone alternately. These contractions form S-shaped curves that move down the body of the fish. As each curve reaches the back fin, backward force is created. This backward force, in conjunction with the fins, moves the fish forward. The fish's fins are used like an airplane's stabilizers. Fins also increase the surface area of the tail, allowing an extra boost in speed. The streamlined body of the fish decreases the amount of friction as they move through water. Since body tissue is denser than water, fish must compensate for the difference or they will sink. Many bony fishes have an internal organ called a swim bladder that adjusts their buoyancy through manipulation of gases.

6. Complete the sentences.

1. Fish are ….

2. Fish move by ….

3. S-shaped curves are ….

4. The backward force moves ….

5. The fish's fins are ….

6. The streamlined body of the fish decreases ….

7. Many bony fishes have ….

8. A swim bladder ….

7. Make sentences of the following words.

1. Most, do, how, move, fish?

2. Back, the, reaches, what, fin?

3. The, friction, decreases, of, what, amount?

4. S-shaped, they, move, don’t, the, body, of, curves, the, fish, down?

5. Are, fish's, like, what, the, fins?

6. In, boost, fins, an, extra, do, allow, speed?

8. Pair work. Put the questions given above to your group-mate and let him/her answer them.

1. Read the words:

non-specific

epidermis

parasites

mucus

pathogens

cichlids

ornamental

2. Master the active vocabulary.

defence – оборона, защита

furunculosis – фурункулёз

inflammatory – воспалительный

herpes - лишай

vaccines – вакцина

congregate – накапливаться

wrasses - губан (рыба)

pathogens - патогенный, болезнетворный микроорганизм

3. Write the Infinitive form of the following verb forms:

carried, been, had, found, making, begun, saw, thinking, knew, given, understood, showed, changing, shared, heard, reproducing, gotten.

4. Combine the given adjectives (A) with the proper nouns (B).

A	B
interesting wide non-specific inflammatory infected small specific coral external	reefs parasites defences variety response case region movements fish

5. Put down the English for:

цихлида __________________________________________

специфическая защита ______________________________

привлекать внимание _______________________________

воспользоваться преимуществом _____________________

белая клетка крови, лейкоцит ________________________

6. Read and translate the text.

a) Analyze the tense forms of the verbs.

b) Write out all irregular verbs from the text and translate them.

c) Give your own examples.

Like other animals, fish can suffer from a wide variety of diseases and parasites. To prevent disease they have a variety of non-specific defences and specific defences. Non-specific defences include the skin and scales, as well as the mucus layer secreted by the epidermis that traps microorganisms and inhibits their growth. Should pathogens breach these defences, fish can develop an inflammatory response that increases the flow of blood to the infected region and delivers the white blood cells that will attempt to destroy the pathogens. Specific defences are specialized responses to particular pathogens recognized by the fish's body, in other words, an immune response. In recent years, vaccines have become widely used in aquaculture and also with ornamental fish, for example the vaccines for furunculosis in farmed salmon and koi herpes virus in koi.

Some fish will also take advantage of cleaner fish for removal of external parasites. The best known of these are the cleaner wrasses of the genus Labroides found on coral reefs in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean. These small fish maintain so-called "cleaning stations" where other fish, known as hosts, will congregate and perform specific movements to attract the attention of the cleaner fish. Cleaning behaviors have been observed in a number of other fish groups, including an interesting case between two cichlids of the same genus, Etroplus maculatus, the cleaner fish, and the much larger Etroplus suratensis, the host.

7. Complete the questions. Read the questions and the answers. Cover the right column. Answer the questions.

1. What kind of…?   2. When …?   3. What are …?   4. What do…?

a) To prevent disease they have a variety of non-specific defences and specific defences. b) In recent years, vaccines have become widely used in aquaculture. c) Small fish maintain so-called "cleaning stations". d) The best known of these are the cleaner wrasses of the genus Labroides found on coral reefs in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean.

8. Use the Complex Subject in the following sentences:

Model: It is known that the operator works well. – The operator is known to work well.

1. It is known that the virus from one fish to another is transmitted over long distances. 2. It seems to me they have invented a new vaccine. 3. It is likely that the history of fish is known to the students. 4. It is believed that the new method has given good results. 5. It is expected that new fish diseases will appear in future. 6. It is known that the infected fish brings a lot of viruses from the water body. 7. It is likely that every family in the country will have an aquarium in a few years.

9. Make a report on “Fish disease”.

10. Pair work. Discuss the problem at the lesson. Make a list of

a) non-specific defences

b) specific defences

Дата добавления: 2014-12-26