Town planning

Text 11A

Aristotle is said to have defined a City as a "place where men live a common life for a noble end" which implies an end or aim.

Unfortunately in the majority of cases the aim has been an unconscious one with the result that cities have grown in a haphazard manner, and many beautiful spots turned into an ugly accumulation of bricks and mortar.

A careful study of what wise town planning, the liberal provision of attractive amenities can do, and has done for some of the cities of Europe will convince the greatest anti-town-planner of the wisdom of looking well ahead. It invariably happens that town planning is not thought of or put into operation until a certain amount of development has taken place.

A city attractive by its beauty, by its artistic symmetry and design and by the amenities and conveniences which it offers will gain a reputation and an individuality which not only its Council and its landowners, but also its citizens, may be proud.

What then should be the aim of every City? And to answer that question we are at once thrown back upon the question of what should be the individuality by which the City should be marked and known. Bacon says in his "Essay of Gardens", that "God Almighty first planted a garden. And indeed it is the purest of human pleasures, it is the greatest refreshment to the spirit of men without which buildings and palaces are but gross handiwork." Surely then the aim should be the one implied by the term "Garden City", beautiful, well planted and finely laid out, known and characterized by the charm and amenities which it can offer to those who seek a residence or dwelling removed from the turmoil, stress and discomforts of a manufacturing district.

The various system of planning which have been adopted in the past are rectangular, radial and circumferential; but the latest schemes for town planning are generally a combination of all three, which allows for the best fulfilment of town planning ideals.

The problem then for the town planner is to consider his scheme in respect to the configuration and undulations of the site; direction of main radial and circumferential avenues and boulevards; the layout and construction of avenues and boulevards; open spaces, parks and recreation grounds; tramways; civic centre.

The limitation of the number of houses per acre and height and identical character should be provided. Factories and works must also be placed in the special areas.

5. Найдите синонимы среди следующих слов:

Crowd, wanton, irresponsible, intersect, congestion, cross, turmoil, noise, pavement, sidewalk.

6. Найдите антонимы среди следующих слов:

Helpful, invariably, unconscious, ugly, helpless, variably, beautiful, wanton, responsible, conscious.

7. Переведите следующие сочетания слов с русского языка на английский:

Великий Архитектор Вселенной; привлекательные удобства; цель каждого города; ручная работа в чистом виде; вдали от суматохи, стресса и дискомфорта; сочетания лучших идей; неровности места (под застройку); кольцевые бульвары; план и строительство авеню; парки и места для отдыха; общественный центр; салон красоты; сильно запруженные улицы; устранить перенаселенность.

8. Переведите следующие предложения с русского языка на английский:

1. Необходимо учитывать направление основных кольцевых бульваров. 2. Город привлекателен своей красотой. 3. Всемогущий Бог первым долгом посадил сад. 4. Город должен быть хорошо спланирован. 5. В крупных городах существуют прямоугольная, радиальная и кольцевая системы планирования. 6. Место для отдыха и парков должно учитываться при планировании города. 7. Фабрики и заводы должны размещаться в особых зонах. 8. В центре старинных городов необходимо предотвращать скопление машин.

9. Образуйте имена прилагательные от следующих слов:

Vary, thank, wonder, beauty, power, help, use, situation, type, finance.

10. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на функции инфинитива:

1. It is difficult to estimate future demands. 2. Each route should be linked up one with the other to form easy and suitable means of transit from every part of the city. 3. By carefully planning it can generally be arranged to place a church, a public building, or artistically designed residence to break the monotony of long streets. 4. In order to obviate overcrowding it is essential to limit a number of houses per acre. 5. Land use planner must study all subjects to know his speciality well. 6. To become a good specialist is very important. 7. These are the land use planners to place new parks and recreational grounds.

11. Заполните пропуски предлогами:

1. People's Parks are universally provided... the continent. 2. The secondary business avenues should have sidewalks... a minimum width... 10 feet. 3. All sewer, water, electric and other mains are made... underground conduits. 4. A city is attractive... its beauty. 5.... planning the future growth... existing and new cities one can avoid the enormous expense occasioned... the lack... planning.

12. Поставьте вопросы к выделенным словам:

1. People's Parks are universally provided on the continent. 2. The traffic is inconvenienced by opening for repairs. 3. Factories and works should be placed in special areas. 4. The whole system of public utilities will ultimately become parts of a completed whole. 5. The circumferential routes connect the various parks and open spaces, streets and avenues, squares and boulevards.

13. Преобразуйте предложения, изменив форму глаголов-сказуемых из действительного залога в страдательный:

1. The regulation respects the most important parts of a town planning system. 2. Centres fix shops, schools, churches, etc. 3. A land use planner makes different schemes for proper use of land. 4. God Almighty first planted a garden. 5. The circumferential route connects the various parks and open spaces, streets and avenues.

14. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. How did Aristotle define a City? 2. Have cities grown up in a haphazard manner in the majority of cases? 3. What is a city attractive by? 4. What is the aim of every city? 5. What systems of city planning can you name? 6. Should the town planner consider direction of main radial and circumferential avenues? 7. Must the limitation of the number of houses per acre be provided? 8. Where should factories and works be placed?

15. Перескажите текст 11A "Town planning".

16. Прочтите и переведите текст 11B и сформулируйте его основную мысль:

Дата добавления: 2014-12-27