Good Employer

Industry Support

Standards and Procedures

Financial Viability

Industry Recognition

Safety and Security

Goals

Mission

To represent and to serve the airline industry.

To promote safe, reliable and secure air services.

To achieve recognition of the importance of a healthy air transport industry to world-wide social and economic development.

To assist the industry to achieve adequate levels of profitability.

http://www.iata.org.

2.3. Специализированные учреждения ООН 91

Products and Services

То provide high quality, value for money, industry-required prod­ucts and services that meet the needs of the customer.

To develop cost-effective, environmentally-friendly standards and procedures to facilitate the operation of international air transport.

To identify and articulate common industry positions and support the resolution of key industry issues.

To provide a working environment which attracts, retains and de­velops committed employees. IATA is the trade association of the world's international airline industry. Originally founded in 1919, it now groups together nearly 270 airlines, including the world's largest. These airlines fly over 95 percent of all international scheduled air traffic. In a fast-changing airline world, where privatisation, alliances and increased com­petition are global realities, airlines still need to cooperate, in order to of­fer a seamless product of the highest possible standard, to the world's air passengers and cargo shippers. Much of that cooperation is expressed through IATA, whose mission is to «represent and serve the airline indus­try».

Continual efforts through IATA ensure that people, freight and mail can move around the vast global airline network as easily as if they were on a single airline in a single country — and that Members' aircraft can operate safely, securely, efficiently and economically — under clearly defined and understood rules.

IATA is the collective voice of the world's fastest growing transport sector — which, in turn, is part of the world's largest industry — travel and tourism. For the general public, IATA simplifies the travel and shipping process. By helping to control airline costs, IATA contributes to cheaper tickets and shipping costs. Thanks to airline cooperation through IATA, individual passengers can make one telephone call to reserve a ticket, pay in one currency and then use the ticket on several airlines in several coun­tries — or even return it, for a cash refund. IATA allows airlines to operate more efficiently. It offers joint ways — beyond the resources of any single company — to exploit opportunities, reduce costs and solve problems. Airlines knit their individual networks into a world-wide system through IATA, despite differences in language.

92 Глава 2. Международные экономические организации в системе ООН

IATA is a useful means for governments to work with airlines and draw on their experience and expertise. Industry working standards are developed within IATA. In fostering safe and efficient air transport, IATA serves the stated policy of most of the world's governments. For third parties, IATA is a collective link between themselves and the air­lines. Passenger and cargo agents are able to make representations to the industry through IATA and derive the benefit of neutrally applied agency service standards and levels of professional skill. Equipment manufactur­ers and third-party service providers are able to join in the airline meet­ings which define the way air transport goes about its business.

IATA's Head Office is in Montreal; its main executive office is in Geneva. Regional offices are in Amman, Beijing, Brussels, Dakar, Lon­don, Miami, Nairobi, Santiago de Chile, Singapore and Washington D.C. In addition, there are currently more than 90 offices around the world responsible for training and IATA Distribution Services (Agency Services and ISS — which consists of Billing & Settlement Plans and Cargo Account Settlement Systems)..

Global Source, an off-the-shelf CD-ROM containing a database of more than 150,000 travel industry sales outlets world-wide, was launched in 1998 by LATA and IATAN. This product has achieved wide market ac­ceptance in the travel and tourism industry as an electronic reference tool with powerful query and report generating capabilities.

TRAINING: through its Education Services, IATA is the biggest supplier of airline and airline product training, in the world; in 1998 course participants numbered 26,500. Courses include the lATA/UFTAA (for passenger agents) and IATA/FIATA (for cargo agents). Specialised programmes are available from entry level through to management, exec­utive education and the Aviation MBA programme for airlines, airports, civil aviation, cargo and travel and tourism professionals.

IATA MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SERVICE: this pro­vides PC-based tools to build and interrogate company accounts, pro­duce management reports and analyse financial data. A fully integrated set of ledgers are sold as a complete suite of software, or as individual packages. The service handles both operational information for day-to­day accounting and executive summary information for planning and profit analysis. Installation, training and product support is provided.

The IATA Partnership Programmes — are a forum for co-operation and exchange of information between IATA, its Members, and suppliers to the airline industry. Cooperation takes many forms — from standards development to implementation and promotion of industry solutions to various problems. Membership covers ten areas of IATA activity, span­ning operations & infrastructure, passenger, airport and cargo services,

2.3. Специализированные учреждения ООН 93

revenue accounting and information technology; «scheduling services» was introduced in 1998, covering coordination of industry standards for exchange of airline schedules data. Three levels of Partnership Programme are open; Industry Associates are involved in a broad spec­trum of ЇАТА activities, and participate at lATA's senior decision-mak­ing committees and meetings. Registered Suppliers typically focus on one or two specific areas of activity, and Travel Partners address inter-modal transport issues.

All IATA Partners contribute to the work of 1ATA, in their own ar­eas of specialisation. Programme membership continues to grow — and now numbers over 190 companies, satellites already in orbit and airborne avionics packages which already exist. It offers a safe method of increas­ing the number of aircraft in a given volume of airspace, independent of ground control. For the longer term, an adequate worldwide supply of АТС capacity can be guaranteed only through CNS/ATM. The main problem in recent years has been inadequate АТС, particularly in Eu­rope. Since safety can never be compromised, aircraft must be held on the ground until they can be handled safely in the air. As a result, more than 100 international airports around the world can be severely congested during certain hours of the day¹.

Международная морская организация — MMO (International Maritime Organization — IMO). Начала функционировать с 1959 г. Международная морская организация как специализированное агент­ство Организации Объединенных Наций была учреждена в 1948 г. Конвенция о создании ММО вступила в силу в 1958 г.

Штаб-квартира ММО расположена в Лондоне (Великобритания).

Руководящим органом ММО является Ассамблея, которая собира­ется на сессии один раз в два года. Ассамблея состоит из представите­лей 155 государств-членов и двух ассоциированных членов. Между сессиями руководящие функции осуществляет Совет, состоящий из 32 членов, избираемых Ассамблеей.

Цели ММО:

• содействие принятию стандартов и норм, касающихся безопас­ности на море, морской навигации, предотвращения загрязнения моря с судов и борьбы с таким загрязнением;

• осуществление сотрудничества и обмена информацией между правительствами по техническим вопросам, касающимся междуна­родных правительственных ограничений, затрагивающих междуна­родное торговое судоходство.

http://www.iataonline.com.

94 Глава 2. Международные экономические организации в системе ООН

Для достижения поставленных целей ММО способствовала при­нятию около 40 конвенций и соглашений, свыше 800 сводов правил и рекомендаций, касающихся морской безопасности и мер по предупреждению загрязнения морской среды.

Наиболее важные конвенции ММО:

• Международное соглашение по обеспечению безопасности жиз­ни на море, принятое в 1960 г. и вступившее в силу в 1965 г. Данное Со­глашение включало ряд мер по осуществлению безопасности судоход­ства. Эти меры предусматривали следующее: установление специаль­ных машин и электрического оборудования, обеспечение пожарной безопасности, обеспечение спасательными принадлежностями и ра­диосвязью, правила безопасного передвижения, правила перевозки особо опасных грузов и т.д. В последующие годы в данное Соглашение были внесены многочисленные дополнения и поправки;

• два многосторонних международных договора были приняты в 1969 и в 1971 гг., которые дают возможность пострадавшим странам от нефтяных загрязнений на море гораздо легче, чем это было до указан­ных договоров, получить компенсацию за понесенный ущерб. Оба со­глашения были отредактированы в 1992 и 2000 гг. в сторону увеличе­ния пределов возмещения, подлежащих оплате жертвам загрязнения;

• Соглашение по международным инструкциям для предотвраще­ния столкновений в море, принятое в 1972 г. и вступившее в силу в 1977 г. Это соглашение предусматривает обязательное разделение мор­ских путей для предотвращения столкновений, а также другие меры;

• Международное соглашение по измерению тоннажа судов, при­нятое в 1969 г. и вступившее в силу в 1982 г.;

• Международное соглашение по грузовым линиям, принятое в 1966 г. и вступившее в силу в 1968 г.;

• Специальное торговое соглашение для пассажирских судов, при­нятое в 1971 г. и вступившее в силу в 1974 г.;

• Международное соглашение по безопасности перевозимых кон­тейнеров, принятое в 1972 г. и вступившее в силу в 1977 г.;

• Соглашение по международной морской спутниковой организа­ции (Инмарсат), принятое в 1976 г. и вступившее в силу в 1979 г.

Важное значение ММО придает проблемам загрязнения моря вредными веществами, особенно нефтью, поэтому была подготовлена и принята целая серия конвенций и других документов по этим воп­росам.

Значительное внимание ММО уделяет экономическим и юридиче­ским аспектам морских перевозок. Был принят ряд конвенций, на­правленных на предотвращение задержек движения по морю, унифи­кацию документации и процедур, связанных с прибытием, стоянкой и

2.3. Специализированные учреждения ООН 95

отплытием судна из порта, установление режима ответственности за нанесение ущерба пассажирам на морских судах и т.д.

Непосредственной работой, связанной с выполнением функций ММО, занимаются ее многочисленные комитеты и подкомитеты. Наиболее важные из них: комитет морской безопасности, включаю­щий подкомитеты по безопасности передвижения, радиокоммуника­циям, поиску и спасению, обучению и наблюдению, транспортировке опасных грузов, твердых грузов и контейнеров, разработке проектов судов и оборудования, пожарной безопасности; комитет по защите морской окружающей среды; юридический комитет; комитет по тех­ническому сотрудничеству; комитет по обеспечению морского судо­ходства, занимающийся в частности вопросами упрощения докумен­тации и сокращения формальностей, связанных с осуществлением морских перевозок.

Комитеты ММО открыты для участия всех государств-членов на равной основе.

Под эгидой ММО действует ряд учебных центров: Всемирный морской университет (Швеция), Морская транспортная академия (Италия), Морская транспортная академия (Мальта), Международ­ный институт морского права (Мальта).

International Maritime Organization — IMO: How it works?¹

The International Maritime Organization works through a number of specialist committees and sub-committees. All these bodies are com­posed of representatives of Member States who discharge their functions with the assistance and advice of appropriate bodies of the United Na­tions or the specialized agencies, as well as international governmental and non-governmental organizations with which formal relationships have been established. Formal arrangements for co-operation have been established with more than 30 intergovernmental organizations, while nearly 50 non-governmental international organizations have been granted consultative status to participate in the work of various bodies in an observer capacity. These organizations represent a wide spectrum of maritime, legal and environmental interests and they contribute to the work of the various organs and committees through the provision of in­formation, documentation and expert advice. However, none of these or­ganizations has a vote.

The future. Over the years IMO has continually evolved to meet changing conditions and requirements. In its -early days it concentrated on formulating international conventions and codes. Today, however,

http://www.imo.org.

96 Глава 2. Международные экономические организации в системе ООН

IMO is just as concerned to ensure that the conventions, codes and other instruments already adopted are effectively enforced and implemented.

There is significant evidence that IMO measures have already proved beneficial in many areas. Oil pollution of the sea, for example, is less of a threat now than it was 20 years ago and the number of collisions -between ships has been greatly reduced in areas where IMO-approved traffic separation schemes have been introduced. But because of eco­nomic factors, the average age of the world's ships has risen steadily over the same period and statistics show that old ships have more accidents than young ones. The fleets of the traditional maritime countries — which tend to have good safety records — have declined, while many of the flags that are growing most rapidly have relatively poor records.

As a result, nobody can afford to be complacent and IMO is con­centrating not only on better implementation but also on improving such factors as management and training. All the evidence shows that most ac­cidents happen because people do not obey the regulations, not because the regulations are themselves defective.

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