International Coffee Organisation

The International Coffee Organization (ICO) is the main intergov­ernmental organisation for coffee, bringing together producing and con­suming countries to tackle the challenges facing the world coffee sector through international cooperation.

It makes a practical contribution to the world coffee economy and to improving standards of living in developing countries by:

• Enabling government representatives to exchange views and co­ordinate coffee policies and priorities at regular high-level meetings;

• Improving coffee quality through the Coffee Quality-Improve­ment Programme;

• Initiating coffee development projects to improve quality and marketing, and combat diseases;

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• Promoting coffee consumption through innovative market de­velopment activities;

• Working closely with the private sector through a 16 strong Pri­vate Sector Consultative Board (PSCB) which tackles issues such as food safety;

• Encouraging a sustainable coffee economy and environmental standards through studies and expert panels;

• Providing objective and comprehensive information and re­search on the world coffee market;

• Ensuring transparency in the coffee market through statistics, with 200,000 records processed each year;

• Producing market reports, econometric models, in-depth eco­nomic studies and country coffee profiles.

The ICO was set up in London in 1963 under the auspices of the United Nations because of the great economic importance of coffee. It has administered six International Coffee Agreements (ICAs), the most recent of which entered into force provisionally on 1 October 2001. Its Members include coffee exporting and importing countries, and it func­tions through the International Coffee Council, the Executive Board, the Private Sector Consultative Board, the Executive Director and a small Secretariat.

Coffee is one of the world's largest traded commodities produced in more than 60 countries, providing a livelihood for some 25,000,000 cof­fee farming families around the world. Many of these countries are heavily dependent on coffee, which can account for over 75% of their to­tal export earnings. Among consumers coffee is a universally popular drink, with over US$70 billion in retail sales a year. ICO exporting Mem­bers account for over 97% of world coffee production and its importing Members are responsible for 68% of world coffee consumption.

International Tropical Timber Organization¹

The International Tropical Timber Organisation (ITTO) is a com­modity organization which brings together countries which produce and consume tropical timber to discuss and exchange information and de­velop policies on all aspects of the world tropical timber economy. The ITTO is headquartered in Yokohama, Japan and at July 2003 had 58 members, including the European Community, which together represent 95 percent of world trade in tropical timber and 75 percent of the world's tropical forests. '

http://www.itto.org.

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The ITTO recognizes that a continuing supply of tropical timber on the world market depends on quality information about the trade and market place, on efficient timber production and processing methods and on sustainable forest management practices. The JTTO facilitates discus­sion, consultation and international cooperation on issues relating to the international trade and utilization of tropical timber and the sustainable management of its resource base.

The ITTO was first established by the International Tropical Tim­ber Agreement (ITTA), 1983, which was negotiated with a limited life span under the auspices of United Nations Conference on Trade and De­velopment (UNCTAD) and came into force in 1985. The Organization became operational in 1987. Unlike some other commodity agreements, the ITTA has no price regulation mechanisms or market intervention provisions, and accords equal importance to trade and conservation. ITTO's underlying concept is to sustainable development of tropical for­ests by encouraging and assisting the tropical timber industry and trade to manage and thus conserve the resource basis upon which they depend.

The successor agreement to the ITTA (1983) was negotiated in 1994 and came into force on 1 January 1997. The new agreement contin­ues to focus on the world tropical timber economy. In addition, it con­tains broader provisions for information sharing, including non-tropical timber trade data and allows for consideration of non-tropical timber is­sues as they related to tropical timber.

The ITTA, 1994 gives new emphasis to the policy work of the ITTO. It enshrines the Year 2000 Objective and establishes the Bali Part­nership Fund to assist producing member countries to sustainably man­age their tropical timber producing forests.

The ITTO's Members

Producers:

Africa: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Cote d'lvoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Togo.

Asia & Pacific: Cambodia, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vanuatu.

Latin America: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela.

Consumers: Australia, Canada, China, Egypt, European Union, Japan, Nepal, New Zealand, Norway, Republic of Korea, Switzerland, United States of America

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В заключение следует отметить, что международные организации на протяжении последних десятилетий содействуют решению широ­кого спектра проблем: устраняют валютные ограничения; принимают участие в проведении структурных реформ в развивающихся и постсо­циалистических странах; участвуют в урегулировании национальных и региональных кризисов, в смягчении, а иногда и устранении долговых проблем, способствуют развитию мировой торговли.

По мере нарастания глобализации международные экономические организации стали одним из важнейших звеньев все более усложняю­щегося многоярусного механизма, регулирующего торговые, валют­ные и кредитно-финансовые отношения. Этот механизм эволюциони­рует, постоянно адаптируется к меняющейся среде. В нынешнем сто­летии формирование этого механизма пойдет еще быстрее благодаря тому, что информационная революция значительно облегчает его функционирование. Вполне возможно, что происходящие изменения в экономической и политической сферах вызовут к жизни междуна­родные организации нового поколения, которые смогут более эффек­тивно решать мирохозяйственные проблемы.

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