Explain the concept of verification and falsification in the science

Verification is method of confirmation of the hypothesis or theory by its independent experimental verification, or determine whether it satisfies the empirically proven and accepted fundamental theories.

The concept of verification (verification and confirmation) proposed in the 20-ies. XX century by a group of scientists, united in the so-called "Vienna Circle" (Carnap, Neurath, Gödel and others.) And develop a number of ideas L.Vitgenshteyna ("logical positivism").

Initially, verification represented a way of fixing the experimental facts, without any change in their subjective. These facts were recognized valid, and science offers to work with them. On this basis, the primary form of generalization (so-called "protocol statements"). That does not match the protocol proposals from science recommended to be fix.

Today, the essence of verification is the scrupulous observance of objectivity, problematical and methodical knowledge and the application of the so-called "Criteria of truth."

Falsification as well as verification allows to establish a correspondence of hypothesis to experimental data and fundamental theories. However, if the verification is seeking direct correspondence, the falsification of checks by continuous criticism and attempts to refute theories.

At falsificational approach being sought to refute the data. This idea comes from the idea that the theory must not only work for a small group of subjects studied, but also for all objects of this class. Therefore, the appearance in the field of science compels new items in the first place apply to them existing theories and the ability to check these theories to explain.

16. Name and define the form of non-scientific knowledge. Give examples of each.

1) non-scientific, ie, unstructured, non-formalized, entering into conflict with the scientific view of the world..;(proverb, myth)

2) parascientific, ie, pseudo-scientific, is incompatible with the standards of science and epistemological criteria of scientific knowledge..;(It is all the so-called occult sciences: alchemy, astrology, magic and others.)

3) pseudoscientific, ie using deliberately speculation, prejudice, wrong interpretation of phenomena..;(Pseudoscience is a false knowledge. Pseudoscientific knowledge of science is often a matter of outsiders)

4) anti-scientific, ie, utopian, a distorted view of reality;(It is associated with the age-old need to find an easily accessible general "cure for all diseases.")

5) pseudo-scientific, ie a kind of intellectual activity over the sensational provisions (Bigfoot monster of Loch Ness, UFOs, etc.)...;

6) quasi-scientific, ie, supported violent, ideological methods (eg, the political campaign of persecution of genetics group in the USSR in 1930)..;(Lysenko,methods of violence and coercion. fixism how quasi-sience Soviet Geology 50-ies., defamation cybernetics etc.)

7) Knowledge of the Paranormal.(Among the paranormal distinguish extrasensory perception is divided into telepathy and clairvoyance, and psychokinesis.)

17. Specify the main problems described in the text "Science without hope."

• Science invented by autistics and schizophrenics

• Science is no longer young

• Neurophysiologists want to make marvelous

In this text, the scientists called autistic and schizophrenic. From my point of view, it is very abusively to call scientists like this. As it says: "To be a scientist, you need at heart be a little shaman or witch or little as Newton, - alchemist. And always a dreamer. " With these two sentences, I agree. Because if you do not have ideas, the new opening will not be. You always have to dream, whether it be true or false. You should always try. In the modern science says that science is no longer young, that now people stopped going crazy ideas and therefore they are forced to continue wearing those left them a legacy. I am a mathematician and in general, I agree with that, because now, if we consider mathematics as a science, mainly looking for various new methods have previously set problems.

18. Determine the ability of the productive imagination.

Mind- one of the forms of consciousness, self-conscious mind, aimed at himself and conceptual content of his knowledge (Kant, Hegel). Mind expresses itself in the principles, ideas and ideals.

The thinking mind is directed at the world and its main principle takes the consistency of knowledge, equality of his thinking, the mind as the mind, conscious of itself, relates not only different content with each other, but also himself with this content. In view of this, the mind can hold contradictions. Hegel believed that only reaches the mind, finally, a true expression of the truth as a concrete, that is, including the unity of their opposite characteristics.

Imagination is constantly on the verge of conscious and unconscious, one associative context and the other, destructive and constructive. Therefore, it always creates a wide scope for human self as artist. The process of cognition and creativity, which demands the mobilization of all of man's in­tellectual and spiritual strength, is impossible without imagin­ation—an ability to transform the immediately given in concrete-imaginal forms, creating unusual combinations out of ordinary im­pressions. Imagination depends to a consider­able extent on impressions which may be either linked with the present moment or come from memory, or both.

19. Give your assessment of the text "The phenomenon of alternative science".

"Pseudoscience" (false, deceptive)

"Deviant science" (deviation)

"Alternative science"

V.P.Filatov "the line between science and non-scientific knowledge is not impassable, and sometimes pseudoscience" pseudo "is beginning to give way to the" science ", and then disappears. As a result, there may be deviant concept of science, and then recognized scientific theory. "

Other authors: alternative science-postmodern science.

Meaning- of institutional unformed science, producing concept and theory, fundamentally inconsistent with the concepts and theories of institutional design, that is, the official science.

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