Общая характеристика психологии

Tasks

UP

OVER

OUT

ON

OFF

IN

DOWN

BACK

AWAY

F) classification based on the meaning of the prepositional or adverbial particle

Classification of phrasal verbs

Verbs used to form phrasal verbs

Particles used to form phrasal verbs

Structure, meaning, problems and usage

E) classification based on the meaning of the prepositional or adverbial particle

Some particles appear in a large number of different phrasal verbs. Eighteen of them

occur in fifty or more combinations. The commonest particles are up, out, off, in on,

down, over, back, away in decreasing order of frequency. Up and out are extremely

common: 28% of all phrasal verbs include these particles. In contrast, such particles as

aback and across occur in very few phrasal verbs. Aback is an adverb which was used in old

a) classification based on predictability of phrasal verbs.

b) classification based on transitivity of the verb

forms of English. In modern English, it occurs only in the phrasal verb take aback.

The meanings of English phrasal verbs are not always obvious. Yet, their classification according to the particles shows that they are not just arbitrary combinations of verbs and particles. Instead, they fit into the broad patterns. We shall analyze the meanings of the phrasal verbs basing on the meaning of the preposition or adverbial particle the verbs are used with. These are 9 particles chosen from the list of prepositions given above (48) which are most frequently used with the verbs to form phrasal verbs. Now they are given in an alphabetic order: away, back, down, in, off, on, out, over, up. This classificationseems to be the most practical and helpful for the students, because it is based on the most important meanings of the particle being studied. Sometimes a phrasal verb appears in two or three sections. This is not surprising, as many phrasal verbs have more than one meaning – sometimes they have as many as twenty meanings.

Two of the most important meanings of away are:

a) withdrawing and separating: (забирати і роз’єднувати): break away, get away, give away, keep away, run away, take away

b) disappearing and making things disappear (зникати або покінчувати з чимось): do away with, explain away, fade away, pass away, throw away

Two of the most important meanings of back are:

a) returning or repeating something: call back, get back, give back, go back on phone back =ring back, take back

b) controlling or suppressing: cut back, fight back, hold back, set back

Four of the most important meanings of down are:

a) decreasing and reducing: bring down, calm down, come down, come down to, cut down, die down

b) defeating and suppressing: bring down, knock down, pull down, wear down

c) completing or failing: break down, close down, let down, settle down, turn down

d) writing and recording: put down, put down to, take down

a) movement, entering and arriving: come in, look in, fly in, pull in, move in

b) inserting, penetrating and adsorbing: breathe in,

c) damaging, surrendering: break in, give in

d) mixing and including: build in, mix in, write in

e) gathering, collecting: bring in, pack in

f) remaining somewhere: live in, keep in

g) restricting and preventing: block in, hold in, shut in

h) being involved and active: step in, cut in, jump in

a) leaving and beginning: drop off, see off, set off, take off

b) rejecting and preventing: hold off, keep off, put off, write off

c) stopping and cancelling: break off, call off, let off, take off

d) decreasing: cool off, fall off, wear off, work off

e) finishing and completing: finish off, go off, pay off, pull off

a) continuing: go on, peek on, pass on, stay on,

b) progressing: come on, get on, move on, urge on

c) beginning: bring on, catch on, come on, move on to

a) leaving and beginning: break out, check out, go out, set out, take out

b) removing and excluding: cancel out, clean out, cross out, get out of, keep out, knock out, leave out, pull out, talk out of, throw out

c) searching and finding: find out, make out, try out, turn out, work out

d) producing and creating: come out, put out, set out, speak out

e) supporting and helping: bear out, give out, help out, point out, look out

f) ending or disappearing: run out of, sell out, wear out, wipe out

g) other meanings: carry out, fall out, sort out, stand out

a) considering and communicating: look over, put over, talk over, think over

b) changing and transferring: change over, hand over, take over, win over

c) other meanings: pass over, run over, smooth over

a) increasing and improving: back up, bring up, brush up, build up, cheer up, do

up, dress up, go up, grow up, pick up, push up, save up, speed up

b) preparing: draw up, fix up, set up

c) approaching: catch up, come up against, face up to, keep up, live up to

d) disrupting and damaging: blow up, break up, hold up, mess up, mix up

e) completing and finishing: check up, clear up, cover up, do up, drink up, end up, follow up, give up, pull up, sum up, tidy up, use up,- wind up, weigh up

f) happening and creating: bring up, come up, come up with, make up, pick up, think up, turn up

g) collecting and being together: look up, make up, pick up, put up,

h) other meanings: look up, make up for, put up with, take up, turn up

Discuss the following items:

1. Structure, meaning, problems and usage

2. Particles used to form phrasal verbs

3, Verbs used to form phrasal verbs

4. Classification of phrasal verbs

b) classification based on predictability of phrasal verbs.

b) classification based on transitivity of the verb

g) classification based on the meaning of the prepositional or adverbial particle

Дата добавления: 2014-01-05