Принципы и методы эмпирического исследования психологии межэтнических отношений 16 страница

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Psychology of inter-ethnic tension.

Summary

Inter-ethnic tension has become the main feature of the relationships between different peoples of the Russian Federation. It turned into a significant factor in the development of dialogue between the center and the republics which to a large degree determines the social and psychological climate. In this work inter-ethnic tension is studied from three different perspectives: as a social and psychological feature of relationships between ethnic groups; as a psychological and ethnocultural feature of the collective mentality of interacting ethnic groups; as a result of the activation of group defense mechanisms.

The book contains both theoretical and empirical study. More than 4600 respondents participated in this study. Its empirical ground is built by a number of social-psychological investigations and ethnosociological surveys, conducted by the author or with her participation in various periods of time:

1) Social-psychological research of the peculiarities of ethnic identity of the Ossetians, Ingush, Chechen and Russians after the aggravation of Ossetian-Ingush relationships in October 1992;

2) Ethnosociological survey of ethnic stereotypes among refugees from South Ossetia and internal regions of Georgia. Carried out in September 1991 during the period of the highest tension in relationships between Georgia and South Ossetia;

3) Ethnosociological survey among residents of Vladikavkaz (North Ossetia), May 1992, conducted five months before the outbreak of an armed conflict between Ingushetia and North Ossetia (Russian, Ossetian, Ingush respondents);

4) Social-psychological research of self-concept of Terek Cossaks, carried out in 1993 and 1995 in various republics of Northern Caucasus;

5) Social-psychological survey on urban population of North Ossetia-Alania, Tuva, Tatarstan and Sakha (Yakutia) as a part of the

project "Ethnic Identity, Nationalism and Conflict Resolution in the Russian Federation" (April 1994, August 1994, 1995);

6) Social-psychological research on leaders and activists of national movements in North Ossetia-Alania and Tuva, carried out as a part of the project "Ethnic Identity, Nationalism and Conflict Resolution in Russian Federation" in August-September 1994 (Ossetian and Tuvinian respondents);

7) Social-psychological study of Russian resettles (Cossaks) from Chechnya, held in August-September 1994 in North Ossetia-Alania;

8) Social-psychological investigation of psychological state and ethnic identity of Russian refugees from Grozny (January-February 1995);

9) Research of the attitudes of Moscovites towards "persons of Caucasian nationality" (August, 1996).

The first chapter - "Research of Inter-ethnic Tension: Towards a Theoretical Framework" - presents theoretical analysis and empirical research of inter-ethnic tensions as a social-psychological phenomenon. The system of social-psychological indicators is explained and elaborated in order to be used in monitoring and management of inter-ethnic tensions. Content and mechanisms of ethnic self-consciousness and ethnic identity as its cognitive and motivational core are considered. Ethnicity is defined as an important category of status within the structure of collective self-images of group members. Its relation with civic identity is analyzed as depending on the level of inter-ethnic tension. Transformation of ethnic identity among titular groups and Russians in Tuva, Tatarstan, North Ossetia and Sakha(Yakutia) is examined through the categories of ethnic norm, ethnic indifference, hypo- and hyper-identity which are a function of situations of inter-ethnic tension and social-demographic indicators. Analyzed is the sphere of motivation and needs as a component of ethnic identity and ethnic solidarity as psychological basis of coordination of group actions by studying the motives of ethnic affiliation, status and archetype. Inter-ethnic dispositions (stereotypes, prejudices) and psychological universal attributes serve as a means to investigate the images and limits of inter-cultural understanding. Group behavioral strategies and mechanisms of resolving inter-group problems in republics with different degree of inter-ethnic tensions are compared. In accordance with the system of the distinguished social-psychological indicators four situations of inter-ethnic tension are depicted: latent tension, frustration, conflict and crisis; mechanisms of tension escalation are revealed.

The second chapter "Underlying Assumptions and Methods of Empirical Investigation of Inter-Ethnic Relationships" deals with the

principles of designing of the program of ethnosociological research. Original social-psychological methods and techniques are proposed, created either by the author herself or in collaboration with her colleagues, in accordance with the theoretical statements, exposed in chapter 1. Original methods and techniques include: "Diagnostic Test of Relationships" that focuses on measuring the emotional-evaluative component of ethnic stereotypes; "Types of Ethnic Identity" inventory that focuses on the investigation of ethnic identity transformations through measuring the level of ethnic tolerance; "Culture-Value Differential" that provides cross-cultural analysis of value orientations and psychological universals; " Ethnoaffiliation Questionnaire" designed for the assessment of ethnoaffilative motives.

Chapter 3 "From Theory to Practice: the Case of North Caucasus" is devoted to the investigations of social-psychological problems of inter-ethnic relationships in the republics of the North Caucasus. The mountain peoples are considered as the subjects of interaction. Such specific types of mass ethnopolitical mobilization as movement for the rehabilitation of the deported peoples, islamism, solidarity and militarization are distinguished and analyzed. The common ethnicity of peoples of North Caucasus is discussed, its basis being made by the following universal attributes: traditionalism, seclusion, regimentation, sense of community, androcentrism, radicalism. A special section deals with social-psychological analysis of various ethnic groups who play different roles - participants, observers and victims - in situations of inter-ethnic tensions in the North Caucasus. Ethnic identity, ethno-cultural distance, transformation of cultural and evaluative components of ethnic stereotypes among peoples of the North Caucasus are investigated under the conditions of latent inter-ethnic tensions in early 1980s. Social-psychological determination of maintenance of inter-ethnic tensions between Ingushetia and North Ossetia is specially analyzed. Status, peculiarities of self-consciousness and character of relationships of Russian population and the Cossaks with mountain peoples are considered in a wide spectrum of situations - from frustration to crisis. Characterized are the psychological state and ethnopsychological problems of adaptation of forced migrants - resettles and refugees from South Ossetia and Chechnya, victims of situations of conflict and crisis engendered by inter-ethnic tensions.

The findings presented in the work helped to identify the main peculiarities of inter-ethnic tension. It is a multisubject, multilevel and dynamic social and psychological phenomenon capable of quick irradiation by the principles of induction and group counteraction.

Inter-ethnic tension is the psychological basis of disintegration processes between peoples. Their comprehension is necessary for developing the strategy of prevention and management of ethnic conflicts and the elaboration of state national policy. The basic theoretical concepts revealing the psychological basis of disintegration processes in a multiethnic society are the following.

Inter-ethnic tension restructures intraethnic and interethnic relationships between the peoples.Ethnic elites play the leading role in this process. Ethnic groups concentrate the efforts on creating and strengthening ethnic boundaries. As a result, the relationships between the peoples may in turn be restructured. As inter-ethnic tension increases, ethnic boundaries become more and more artificial, and the issue of cultural diversity of ethnic groups is replaced by the problem of contradictions between their demands.

Дата добавления: 2014-11-07