Endeavour спроба, намагання 3 страница

EXERCISES

I. Read the following international words and give their Ukrainian equivalents:

component, communication, satellite, information, magnetic, disc, client, second, design, industrial, effective

III. Read and translate the following words of the common root:

to eliminate – eliminator – elimination – unlimited, to respond – response – responsible – responsibility, accuracy – accurate – accurately – inaccurate, correct – corrector – correctly – correction – incorrect, vulnerable – vulnerability – invulnerable – invulnerability, valid – validity – invalid – invalidity, effect – effective – effectiveness

III. Arrange the following words in pairs according to:

a) similar meaning:

to take advantage, accuracy, correctly, to eliminate, error, to reduce, to remain, invalid, to store, vast amount, to retrieve, all the while, speed, to respond, for example, objective, to allow, all the time, to permit, rightly, velocity, mistake, erroneous, to look for, exactness, to keep, to answer, aim, a great quantity, for instance, to stay, to profit, to remove, to decrease

b) opposite meaning:

capability, advantage, possibility, correctly, likely, to remain, valid, vast, to decrease, dependent, invalid, impossibility, to increase, independent, wrongly, incapability, little, disadvantage, unlikely, to leave

LEXICAL AND GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and word-combinations:

computer-oriented data processing system, to be designed to imitate manual systems, to combine the capabilities, to take advantages of capabilities, to enter correctly into the computer component, to reduce the possibility of error, to remain vulnerable, invalid data, either earth or satellite-based systems, to store information, beyond the capabilities of humans, to decrease the cost per character, to add to the value, a fraction of a second, to free humans from error-prone tasks, to do the job at the least cost, information-dependent society

II. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the active vocabulary of the text:

1. The use of a computer is known to provide a vast opportunity for finding answers to many of our most complex social problems as well. 2. The operating speed of the future computers will be measured in nanoseconds. 3. The computers of tomorrow will respond to handwriting, to images, and to spoken commands. 4. A global link-up (з’єднання) of computers will be accomplished through communication satellites, high-capacity transistorized cables, microwave insulated tubes, as well as standard telephone and telegraph links. 5. In the future laser beams will be used to transmit vast quantities of information in the form of light through special cables.

III. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Pay attention to the functions of the Infinitives:

1. The purpose of these experiments was to observe properties of the element involved. 2. The aim of these research workers is to find out the required element. 3. The apparatus to be used in our work was constructed in our laboratory. 4. Where is the mixture to be heated? 5. To develop the supercomputer, highly developed electronics and new materials were required. 6. One of the best ways to keep the car speed steady is to use a computer. 7. Experiments helped Mendeleev to discover the properties of new chemical elements.

IV. Fill in the gaps with the words from the list

a) operation, operate, operator, operational, operationally, operating

1. A computer can perform mathematical … very quickly. 2. One of the first persons to note that the computer is malfunctioning is the computer …. 3. The job of a computer is to … the various machines in a computer installation. 4. The new machines in the computer installation are not yet …

b) acceptance, accepts, accepted, acceptable, acceptably

1. A computer is a device which … processes and gives out information. 2. The students are still waiting for their … into the Computer Science program. 3. It is … to work without a template (шаблон, лекало) if the flowcharts (блок-схема) are not kept on file.

V. Paraphrase the following sentences using the Subjective Infinitive Constructions as in the models:

Model I. It is known that he will make his report today.

He is known to make his report today.

1. It is believed that the method involved is good. 2. It is expected that they will take part in this research work. 3. It is known that evaporation goes more rapidly at the higher temperature. 4. It was known even in ancient times that water is denser than air.

Model II. It was found that those rays had been deflected.

Those rays were found to have been deflected.

1. It was known that the substance had been purified. 2. It was considered that the method had been improved. 3. It was known that the investigations carried out by him had resulted in new discoveries. 4. It is believed that they have examined this substance sufficiently.

VI. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meaning of the word “once”:

Note: once – як тільки, в тому випадку, одного разу

once – колись

at once – відразу,

once again – ще раз

1. Once collected heat can be used in a variety of ways. 2. Once it was thought that all the substances found in plants and animals could be made only by using of a living plant or animal. 3. Once carrying out his experiment the scientist noticed a very interesting phenomenon which later resulted in new discoveries. 4. Once formed bubbles rise to the surface. 5. If we consider the problem of evaporation once again, we’ll easily explain these facts. 6. This work should be done at once.

VII. Translate the following words with the prefixes: semi-, trans-, non-.

semiconductor semicircle semiinsulator semiautomatic

non-conductor non-essential non-standard nondurable

transatlantic transoceanic transcontinental transpacific

VIII. Translate the text using a dictionary:

Text B. Application software

As you have seen, the purpose of system software (системне програмне забезпечення) is to get the computer operating. The purpose of application software (прикладне програмне забезпечення) is to get the computer to do a specific job. Every computer program is designed to be used, to be applied. An application in this sense, is the practical use to which a program will be put (помістити).

A computer is an all-purpose tool (засіб); it has many possible uses. A child of three, using pictures only, can play computer matching games, progressing from color matching to shape matching to shape classification. A world-renowned mathematician can use a specially written computer program to solve a problem in minutes that once would have taken years. And there is a whole range of programs in between.

What are some of the most popular kinds of application programs for computers? Here are a few.

Writing and editing (редагування)

Word processing (система опрацювання текстів) is a computer application that resembles typewriting but is far more versatile. Word processing accounts for (відповідати за) at least of the total use of personal computers. There are more than 300 word-processing programs on the market. In addition, there are programs that check spelling, others that check punctuation, and still others that teach typewriting.

Business

Application programs are available for almost anything that needs to be done in the offer except emptying the wastebaskets (кошики для непотрібних паперів). Dozens of programs make it easier than ever before to prepare budgets, keep track of inventory (наявні товари), and handle mailing lists (список передплатників). Even owners of the smallest business (компанія) find computers helpful, while largest businesses literally (без перебільшення) could not operate it today’s world without them. Although many programs for large businesses are specially written for the company, others are the same programs that small businesses and even homeowners use.

Education

The computer is a powerful teaching tool. Mathematics might seem to be its best subject, and, indeed, programs for arithmetic, algebra, and problem solving are widely used. But there are excellent programs in many other areas as well. Good software is available for reading, spelling, vocabulary, and grammar. Science programs cover such topics as volcanoes and dinosaurs to high-school chemistry and college optics. Programs also exist for music, map, reading and history.

COMPREHENSION

I. State the most important facts from the text and write them down.

II. Answer the following questions on the text:

1. What is computer-oriented data processing system designed for?

2. What are the main capabilities of computers?

3. Under what circumstances are computers unlikely to make computational errors?

4. What networks can be used to transmit data?

5. Is the cost per character of data stored increasing or decreasing?

6. Would the travel reservations system be useful if the client had to wait more than a few seconds for a response?

7. What is the most cost-effective computer data processing system?

III. Make a short summary of the text according to your own plan.

LESSON NINE

READING EXERCISES

I. Practice the pronunciation of the following words:

a) stress the first syllable:

logic, separately, area, binary, generate, necessary

b) stress the second syllable:

arithmetic, within, refer, complete, decode, execute, communicate, majority, continually

c) stress the third syllable:

intermediate, execution, information, operation

II. Practice connected reading:

a tight interconnection, the input and output units, to consider separately, the central processing unit, memory chips, to store instructions and data, binary-coded pieces of information, for storing intermediate and final results, all the other components of the microcomputer, timing and control signals, to perform read or write operations, during the execution of a program, the computer word size, an eight-bit word size

Text A. BASIC COMPUTER SYSTEM ORGANIZATION

All computers, of whatever size, have four basic units:

1) an arithmetic/ logic unit (ALU);

2) a control unit;

3) a memory unit;

4) an input/ output unit.

There exists a tight interconnection of these units forming a basic computer system within which data, information, or control signals are normally flowing.

Sometimes, the input and output units can be considered separately. The ALU and the control unit are often grouped together and referred to as the central processing unit (CPU). This is what the term “microprocessor” means. It is the ALU and control unit of a microcomputer. The microprocessor is usually one chip to which are added memory chips and an input/ output chips to make a complete microcomputer.

The memory unit serves as an area to store instructions and data. Instructions are binary-coded pieces of information that get decoded by the microprocessor. The memory can also be used for storing intermediate and final results of arithmetic operations performed by the ALU.

The CPU consists of the ALU and the control unit. The ALU is the area of the computer where arithmetic and logic operations are performed on data. The type of operation to be performed is determined by signals generated from the control unit.

The control unit has the function of controlling the functions performed by all the other components of the microcomputer. It must generate timing and control signals necessary to read instructions from memory, decode these binary pieces of information, and execute what is called for by the decoded instruction. It must also be able to communicate with input/ output devices by performing read or write operations when called for by an instruction during the execution of a program.

The input/ output unit consists of all the devices that allow the computer to communicate with the outside world.

Since the computer is continually fetching and executing instructions, it must be operating on information in groups of bits. These groups of bits that the computer operates on are referred to as the computer word size. The greatest majority of microcomputers use an eight-bit word size.

Vocabulary Notes

1. of whatever size незалежно від розміру

4. an arithmetic/ logic unit (ALU) арифметично-логічний блок

5. an input/ output unit блок вводу-виводу

6. a tight interconnection тісний взаємозв’язок

7. a basic computer system основна система ЕОМ

6. a control unit блок керування

7. central processing unit (CPU) центральний процесорний блок

8. chip мікросхема

9. memory chip мікросхема пам’яті

10. binary-coded pieces масив інформації у

of information двійковому коді

11. that get decoded by the

microprocessor якими ЦПБ оперує

12. intermediate проміжний

13. timing signal сигнал синхронізації

14. to decode розшифровувати, декодувати

15. to call for передбачати

16. to fetch instructions викликати команду

17. to operate on information виконувати інформаційні операції

in groups of bits в групах бітів

18. computer word size розмір слова ЕОМ

19. an eight-bit word size розмір восьмибітового слова

20. instruction команда

WORD-STUDY

EXERCISES

I. Read and translate the following words of the common root:

base – basic, to inform – information, normal – normally, separate – separately, to instruct – instruction, to operate – operation, to code – to decode, to connect – connection – interconnection, to form – formation, to process – processor – microprocessor, to compute – computer – microcomputer, to store – storage, mediate – intermediate

II. Arrange the following words in pairs according to:

a) similar meaning:

basic, tight, to form, data, normally, often, to mean, to perform, to provide, to consist of, to call for, frequently, to execute, main, information, to envisage, close, generally, to be made up of, to stand for, to create, to secure

b) opposite meaning:

separately, complete, final, to code, normal, necessary, outside, to decode, together, inside, incomplete, unnecessary, initial, abnormal

LEXICAL AND GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and word-combinations:

a tight interconnection, to form a basic computer system, an input/ output chips, to be grouped together, to serve as an area to store instructions and data, binary-coded pieces of information, to be used for storing intermediate and final results of arithmetic operations, signals generated from the control unit, to generate timing and control signals, to be able to communicate with input/ output devices, during the execution of a program, to allow the computer to communicate with the outside world, to fetch and execute instructions, the computer word size, an eight-bit word size

II. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the active vocabulary of the text:

1. The basic idea of a computer is processing of information. 2. A standard computer system consists of three main sections: the central processing unit, the main memory and the peripherals (периферійне обладнання). 3. The instructions are in a binary-coded form and reside in the computer’s memory. 4. The complete set of instructions is referred to as a program, and the program allows the computer to perform a useful function. 5. The computer can perform the function by fetching the first instruction from memory and executing the operation called for by the code.

III. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meaning of “any”:

1. At any temperature the molecules of gases can have the same kinetic energy. 2. Any body when heated to a sufficient high temperature becomes a source of light. 3. There is hardly anybody who doesn’t know this law. 4. Have you got any new devices in your laboratory? 5. Any student who is interested in research work can take part in the work of our scientific society. 6. Having entered the laboratory, I couldn’t see anybody at first as it was very dark there. 7. This substance is to be purified before using, at any rate.

IV. Fill in the gaps with the words from the list

a) calculation, calculate, calculating, calculated, calculator, calculable, calculus (диференційне обчислення)

1. A computer can do many kinds of … quickly and accurately. 2. … is a branch of mathematics for making … without the use of a … machine. 3. A computer can … numbers much faster than a manual …. 4. Some problems aren’t … without logarithm tables.

b) mechanic, mechanism, mechanize, mechanical, mechanically, mechanistic, mechanics, mechanization, mechanized

1. Today’s computer are less … than they used to be. 2.The … devices in a computer system operate more slowly than the electromagnetic devices. 3.The … of the brain is very complicated but unlike a computer it isn’t ….

V. Translate the sentences and define tense and voice of the predicate.

1. Computers were first introduced in 40’s and 50’s. 2. Now DOS isn’t commonly used PC operating system. 3. DOS was developed by a company named Microsoft. 4. Today the use of hardware devices such as the printer or mouse are controlled and managed by operating systems. 5. Microsoft Corporation is oriented to produce as many programs as needed to meet people’s needs. 6. A new shortcut (раціональний) feature is used to cut long programs very short to save disk space. 7. More than half the information that is transferred across the Internet is accessed through the WWW. 8. A new car model was much spoken about. 9. His experience in the field of materials science can be relied upon. 10. The new discovery was often referred to. 11. Laser was dreamt of by mankind for centuries. 12. The appearance of laser was followed by the fabrication of ultra thin silicon fibers servicing as lightwave conductors (світлопровід).

VI. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian taking into account different meanings of the word “hard (hardly)”:

Note: hard a – 1) твердий, міцний; 2) важкий

hard adv – наполегливо

hardly adv – навряд чи, майже не

1. While liquids and solids are hardly compressible, gases, on the other hand, can reduce their volume under pressure without great difficulty. 2. Oxygen is hardly soluble in water. 3. Zink is a bluish-white, moderately hard metal. 4. The problem at first sight seemed very hard. 5. It is hard to memorize all scientific facts increasing with each passing year. 6. We can hardly name a branch of chemistry where plastics are not applied.

VII. Form words with the opposite meaning using prefixes and translate them.

un-: desirable, wanted, solved, natural, limited, able;

non-: metallic, magnetic, ferrous, productive, breakable;

in-: complete, dependent, ability, expensive, effective;

im-: pure, possible, perfection, patient, permanent;

ir-: regular, responsible, respective, relative;

il-: logical, legal;

dis-: order, advantage, to like, to connect, to continue;

mis-: use, information, understanding, to understand.

VIII. Translate the text using a dictionary:

Text B. Floppy disk

By far the most common storage device used with microcomputers is the floppy disk (гнучкий диск, дискета), or diskette. A floppy disk looks like a 45- rpm (revolutions per minute – обертів за хвилину) phonograph (електропрогравач)record in a sealed black protective jacket (захисний конверт (для гнучкого диску)). The jacket has a couple of small openings that permit the storage unit to “read” the contents of the disk. A disk is much thinner than a record – in fact, thin enough to be flexible, or “floppy”. The disk is made of silver metallized (металезований) polyester, a kind of plastic, and is magnetically coated rather than grooved (жолобчастий) the way records are.

A floppy disk usually allows random access (прямий доступ). You will remember that the letters RAM stand for “ random-access memory ”(оперативна пам’ять). Just as RAM offers random access to stored data, a floppy disk allows direct access to any data stored on it. Unlike sequential (послідовний) access, randon access does not require you to go through everything previosly stored.

Floppy disk come in three sizes. Many microcomputers use disks that are 5 inches in diameter. Others use an 8-inch discette.

In order to load the data on a disk into RAM, you need to insert the disk into a disk drive (дисковод). A disk drive may be built into the computer, or it may be separated from it. The disk drive spins the floppy disk at a high speed. A “head” located inside the disk drive does one of two things. It either “reads” information already recorded or it “writes” new data onto the disk. Because the head performs both of these functions, it is often called a read/write head (головка читання-запису)ю

Single disk drives, dual disk drives, and even multiple disk drives are available. One advantage of having more than one disc drive is the increase in storage capacity (ємність пам’яті). You can work with more information at the same time. Another advantage is convenience: you have to do far less inserting and removing of disks than with a single disk drive.

COMPREHENSION

I. State the most important facts from the text and write them down.

II. Answer the following questions on the text A:

1. What basic units do all the computers consist of?

2. Is there any interconnection of these units?

3. What is the microcomputer?

4. What do we call instructions?

5. What does the CPU consist of?

6. What is the function of the control unit?

7. What word size do the majority of microcomputers use?

III. Make a short summary of the text according to your own plan.

LESSON TEN

I. Practice the pronunciation of the following words:

a) stress the first syllable:

versatile, powerful, analogue, simulate, voltage, measurement, accuracy, household, microwave, oven, sensor

b) stress the second syllable:

to evolve, increasingly, expensive, variety, particular, analogy, continuously, require, control, advantages, discrete, analogous, event, commercial, appliance, complete

c) stress the third syllable:

interactive, fundamental, represent, compensating

d) stress the fourth syllable:

reliability, communication, application

III. Practice connected reading:

to play an increasingly important role, versatile electronic tools, to process data with remarkable speed and reliability, interactive or two-way communication, general-purpose computers, to perform a variety of tasks, analogue and digital computers, to differ in fundamental concept, to simulate physical systems, on the basis of an analogy, to represent other physical quantities, the measurement of signals, to require continuous measurement and control, the accuracy of operation of an analogue computer, several compensating advantages, analogous physical quantities, hybrid computers, household appliances

Text A. TYPES OF COMPUTERS

Computers have evolved over hundreds of years. The modern computer is the product of many people’s ideas blended over time. This process of development is still going on. If the current trend continues, computers will play an increasingly important role in our lives.

Computers are versatile electronic tools that can store information and instructions and process data with remarkable speed and reliability.

There are several methods of classifying computers. The main distinction is between digital and analogue devices.

Analogue and digital computers are now widely used in many fields. The two types of computers differ in fundamental concept. Analogue computers simulate physical systems. They operate on the basis of an analogy to the process that is being studied. For example, a voltage may be used to represent other physical quantities such as speed, temperature, or pressure. The response of an analogue computer is based upon the measurement of signals that vary continuously with time. Hence, analogue computers are used in applications that require continuous measurement and control.

The accuracy of operation of an analogue computer is much below that of a digital computer, but there are several compensating advantages.

Digital computers, as contrasted with analogue ones, deal with discrete rather than continuous quantities. They count rather than measure. They use numbers instead of analogous physical quantities to simulate on-going, or real-time processes. Because they are discrete events, commercial transactions are in natural form for digital computation. This is one reason that digital computers are so widely used in business data processing.

Machines that combine both analogue and digital capabilities are called hybrid computers. Many business, scientific, and industrial computer applications rely on the combination of analogue and digital devices. The use of combination analogue devices will continue to increase with the growth in applications of microprocessors and microcomputers. An example of this growth is the trend towards installing control systems in household appliances such as microwave ovens and sewing machines. In the future we will have complete indoor climate control systems and robots to do our housecleaning. Analogue sensors will provide inputs to the control centers of these systems, which will be small digital computers.

It is also possible to classify computers by their use.

A word processor is a special-purpose computer used in the production of office documents, letters, contracts, etc. A general-purpose computer can run a word processor program and hence temporarily become special-purpose.

A home computer is a low-cost microcomputer of limited capability designed for domestic use with programs that typically are used for such things as computer games or controlling family finance.

A personal computer is a microcomputer designed for independent use by an individual at work or in the home mainly for business purpose. Some PCs are portable. Many can be connected to minicomputers and mainframe computers so that PC users can also gain access to the facilities offered by the larger machines.

A desktop computer is any computer design for use on a desk in an office. Therefore home computers and PCs are types of desktop computers.

A workstation is another kind of desktop computer. Although larger, more powerful PCs are sometimes called workstations, the term is normally used to imply the presence of advanced features not provided by all PCs.

A laptop computer is PC sufficiently small and light for its user comfortably to use it on his or her lap.

An embedded computer is one that is within some other device or system but is not accessed directly. For example, there are embedded computers operating within petrol pumps, watches, cameras, video recorders and many types of domestic and industrial equipment.

It is also possible to classify computers by their size.

There are mainframes, minicomputers and microcomputers. However, there are no sharp dividing lines between them. For example, a model at the top of a manufacturer’s range of minicomputers might well be more powerful than the model at the bottom of a range of mainframes.

Thus, computers are classified according to their size, power, and type of processing unit.

The most powerful type of computer is the mainframe computer. Only large companies are likely to use a mainframe computer, as these machines are very expensive to buy and run.

A minicomputers is the next size down, a sort of “small mainframe”. It is slower, less powerful version of the same class of computers, and is designed for businesses who do not need (or cannot afford) the capacity and speed of the smallest mainframe.

The smallest type of computer is the microcomputer. The name derives not from the small size of the machine – although the largest microcomputers can fit comfortably on a desk – but from the fact that the main processing circuits are on a single silicon chip, known as a microprocessor.

From the office worker’s point of view the main difference between the two categories is that of location: mainframe and minicomputers require their own special room, often air-conditioned, and trained computer staff to operate them, whereas microcomputers can be found dotted round the building wherever there is a need for one.

Дата добавления: 2015-01-03