Vocabulary notes. 1. architecture структура

1. architecture структура

2. primary storage 1) первинний запамятовувальний пристрій

2) основна пам’ять

3. secondary storage 1) допоміжний запамятовувальний пристрій

2) зовнішня пам’ять

4. input unit пристрій уведення

5. output unit пристрій виведення

6. storage пам’ять, накопичувач

7. storage unit запам’ятовувальний пристрій

8. main (internal) storage оперативний запам’ятовувальний пристрій

9. to store (to hold) зберігати, запам’ятовувати

10. intermediate проміжний

11. ongoing process поступальний процес

12. respect відношення

13. to locate розміщувати

14. content обсяг

15. character символ, знак

16. value величина

17. binary двійковий

18. binary digit двійковий розряд

19. information capacity інформаційна місткість

20. single одинарний

21. storage location комірка пам’яті

22. main memory оперативна пам’ять

23. fixed-size box блок фіксованого розміру

24. consecutive послідовний

WORD-STUDY

EXERCISES

I. Read the following international words and give their Ukrainian equivalents:

architecture, instruction, system, function, central, result, process, symbol, combination, code, designer, bit, information, adequate, byte, million

II. Read and translate the following words of the common root:

architect – architecture, to examine – examination, to consider – consideration, function – functional, digit – digital, to instruct – instruction, to store – storage, similar – similarity, to combine – combination, quick – quickly, to locate – location, conductor - semiconductor

III. Arrange the following words in pairs according to:

a) similar meaning:

architecture, primary storage, to require, similarity, to differ, to keep, to locate, character, number, all, instruction, to use, to begin, therefore, examination, sequence, as well, to call, quickly, principal, to vary, command, monitoring, structure, symbol, to retain, that is why, also, main, to start, main memory, to place, to apply, consecution, whole, resemblance, to name, to demand, rapidly, quantity

b) opposite meaning:

around, to begin, input unit, internal, different, important, to forget, quickly, possible, more, adequate, expensive, the same, slowly, cheap, through, inadequate, unimportant, external, to remember, impossible, to end, less, output unit

LEXICAL AND GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and word-combinations:

to be organized around the primary storage unit, the examination of the central processing, the consideration of the input output units, to contain data and the instructions, intermediate results of processing, ongoing process, similarity to a function of the human brain, without forgetting or changing any details, the combinations of characters, information capacity of a single bit, data in the form of coded characters, within fixed-size “boxes”, high-speed device, less expensive storage units

II. Find in the text equivalents of the following Ukrainian words and word-combinations:

проходити через первинний запам’ятовувальний пристрій, центральний процесор, специфічні функції, інша назва, подібність до функції людського мозку, зміна будь-яких деталей, зберігати дуже велику кількість комбінацій знаків, інформаційна місткість, закодовані символи, суміжні комірки пам’яті, довжиною в 1 чи більше байтів, цифровий комп’ютер, проміжні результати, за вимогою, двійкова система, швидкодіючий пристрій, напівпровідник

III. Put the verbs in the brackets in the required forms of the tense and translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. For many years scientists (to study) the nucleus before they found that it is possible to split it. 2. By the first of January our plant (to use) atomic energy for running different machines for eight months. 3. Many power stations (to use) atomic energy for a long time before I knew it. 4. All this period scientists and engineers (to develop) rocket technology and electronics in close cooperation. 5. We widely (to use­) electronic devices in industry for many years. 6. My friend (to make) these experiments to compare the weights of elements since the first of September.7. The question about the new experiment on this subject (to discuss) for some time before we came to a definite conclusion.

IV. Fill in the gaps with the words from the list

c) necessity, necessitate, necessary, necessarily, necessities, need, needed

1. Because it is expensive to set up a computer department it is … to budget well for the basic … of the installations. 2. A good programmer isn’t … going to be a good systems analyst. 3. Students’ lack of understanding of the basic concepts in computer science may … the instructor to restructure the course.

d) dependence, depend on, dependable, dependably, dependent, dependency, depending

1. The length of time a programmer takes to make a program will vary … on the complexity of the problem and his ability and experience. 2. One can always … a computer to obtain accurate answers because it’s probably the most … machine in the world today.

e) technology, technological, technologically.

1. Computer … is a fast growing discipline. 2 The … improvements of computers are reducing man’s workload.

V. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the compound prepositions.

1. In order to protect the surface from heat and cold it was covered with special substance. 2. Due to the establishment of new trolley-bus routes the passenger service in the city was improved. 3. The monument was restored in spite of many difficulties. 4. Who can repair the apparatus instead of him? 5. No planes took off on that day on account of low clouds. 6. Is there any high building in front of your house? 7. Owing to his words not only was the problem solved at last but a wholly new approach to it was introduced. 8. The expedition sailed as far as Borneo. 9. In addition to the usual methods of computation they made use of computers.

VI. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meaning of the word “number”:

Note: number – число, номер, кількість

a number of – ряд

the number of – число, номер, кількість

1. The number of new synthetic products produced by our chemists increases every year. 2. It is known that every chemical element has its number in Mendeleyev’s Periodic Table of Elements. 3. Hydrogen reacts with the oxides of a number of metals forming water and free metal. 4. You can find this apparatus in laboratory number 15. 5. Solubility is generally expressed as the number of parts of solute that will dissolve in 100 parts of solvent. 6. A number of questions involved had been discussed long before.

VII. Form the Nouns using the following suffixes and translate them.

- or: to direct, to investigate, to resist, to conduct, to accelerate

- ion: to attract, to reflect, to discuss, to express, to indicate, to insulate

- ation: to inform, to consider, to found, to combine, to examine

- sion: to convert(e), to divi(de), to explde(e), to deci(de), to conclud(e)

VIII. Translate the text using a dictionary:

Text B. Computer trespassing

Breaking into computer system (using it when you don’t have permission) is a crime. It is called computer trespassing (правопорушення).

People break into computer systems for many reasons. They might do it to find out private records (записи), to change or destroy information, to steal money or goods, or simply to show they know how to do it.

Computer trespassing is a serious problem. Important information ranging from medical records to top secret military information is often stored in computer system. If someone changes, destroys, or steals the information, he or she might cause great damage. For example, a trespasser (правопорушник) in a hospital computer system might endanger (піддавати небезпеці) a patient’s health by changing his or her medical records. In the case of a government computer system, a computer trespasser might threaten national security by stealing military information. A trespasser in a bank’s computer system might steal millions of dollars.

How can we prevent computer trespassing? One way to protect information stored in computer systems is to use passwords (пароль) or number codes (код числа). The words or codes are programmed into the computer system. The system will admit only those people who enter the correct order (увести правильну команду). An alarm (сигнал тривоги) alerts (оголошувати тривогу) a security guard if someone enters an incorrect code more than once.

Some computer systems use cryptography (тайнопис) to protect information. Such systems store information in the computer in coded or scrambled (зашифрований) form. If you don’t know how to unscramble the information, it is meaningless.

Federal and state laws also protect information stored in computer systems. One federal law, the Counterfeit Access Device and Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1984, prohibits people from using a computer system without permission. It also prohibits the use of computer system:

(1) to steal money or goods worth $5,000 or more;

(2) to use, change, destroy, or reveal restricted information in government files;

(3) to obtain financial information and credit records that are protected by other federal laws.

COMPREHENSION

I. State the most important facts from the text and write them down.

II. Answer the following questions on the text A:

1. How is computer system architecture organized?

2. What are the two main types of storage units?

3. What do they contain?

4. What are the specific functions of internal storage?

5. What is another name for primary storage?

6. What are the codes used by computer designers based upon?

7. What are the most common binary codes?

8. Where are data in the form of coded characters stored?

9. What ways are they stored?

10. Is primary storage cheap or expensive?

III. Make a short summary of the text according to your own plan.

LESSON TWELVE

I. Practice the pronunciation of the following words:

a) stress the first syllable:

various, issuing, digital, functional, circuit, signal, storage, actual, secondary

b) stress the second syllable:

processor, precisely, coordinate, internal, component, particular, refer, determine, entire, command, response, interpret, arithmetic, direct, transmit, addition, subtraction, locate

c) stress the third syllable:

interchangeably, manufacture, electronic

II. Practice connected reading:

computer science, to be used interchangeably, the central processing unit, internal memory, basic instructions, to coordinate all the activities, by acting on responses, to interpret instructions, through the input-output ports, to be divided into two functional units, the arithmetic logical unit, electronic circuits, within the central processor, to transmit coordinating control signals and commands, the sequence of step-by-step operations, to control the flow, secondary memory devices

Text A. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

It is well known in Computer science that the words “computer” and “processor” are used interchangeably. Speaking more precisely, “computer” refers to the central processing unit (CPU) together with an internal memory. The internal memory, control and processing components make up the heart of the computer system. Manufactures design the CPU to control and carry out basic instructions for their particular computer.

The CPU coordinates all the activities of the various components of the computer. It determines which operations should be carried out and in what order. The CPU controls the operation of the entire system by issuing commands to other parts of the system and by acting on responses. When required it reads information from the memory, interprets instructions, performs operations on the data according to the instructions, writes the results back into the memory and moves information between memory levels or through the input-output ports.

In digital computers the CPU can be divided into two functional units called the control unit (CU) and the arithmetic logical unit (ALU). These two units are made up of electronic circuits with millions of switches that can be in one of two states, either on or off.

The function of the CU within the central processor is to transmit coordinating control signals and commands. The control unit is that part of the computer that directs the sequence of step-by-step operations of the system, selects instructions and data from memory, interprets the program instructions, and controls the flow between main storage and the arithmetic-logical unit.

The ALU, on the other hand, is that part of the computer in which the actual arithmetic operations, namely, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation, called for in the instructions are performed.

Programs and the data on which the CU and the ALU operate, must be in internal memory in order to be processed. Thus, if located in secondary memory devices, such as disks or tapes, programs and data are first loaded into internal memory.

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