Vocabulary notes 1 страница

1. computer science інформатика

2. interchangeably взаємозамінно

3. CPU (central processing unit) центральний процесор

4. internal memory внутрішня пам’ять

5. computer system обчислювальна система

6. to issue commands давати команди

7. to interpret інтерпретувати (розшифрувати

і виконати)

8. to write back записати повторно

9. input-output port порт уведення-виведення

10. control unit пристрій керування

11. ALU (arithmetic logical unit) арифметично-логічний блок

12. step-by-step поступовий

13. main storage оперативна пам’ять

14. exponentiation піднесення до степеня

15. to call for передбачати

16. secondary memory вторинна пам’ять

17. disk дискета

18. tape стрічка

WORD-STUDY

EXERCISES

I. Read the following international words and give their Ukrainian equivalents:

processor, computer, control, component, design, port, instruction, operation, system, information, result, electronic, million, central, interpret, actual, arithmetic, disk

II. Read and translate the following words of the common root:

change – interchange – interchangeable – interchangeably, to instruct – instruction, to act – active – activity, to operate – operation, to inform – information, function – functional, logic – logical, electron – electronic, center - central, to process – processor, name – namely, to add – addition, to subtract – subtraction, to multiply – multiplication, to divide – division, to exponent – exponentiation

III. Arrange the following words in pairs according to:

a) similar meaning:

precisely, to carry out, basic, instruction, entire, to issue, response, to require, data, unit, to consist of, step-by-step, within, actual, to call for, to locate, whole, device, accurately, to be made up of, to place, inside, to perform, to demand, command, gradual, real, to envisage, main, reaction, to give, information

b) opposite meaning:

known, internal, basic, various, order, on the one hand, addition, multiplication, main, minor, division, similar, unknown, secondary, on the other hand, disorder, external, subtraction

LEXICAL AND GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and word-combinations:

according to the instructions, computer science, to be used interchangeably, the central processing unit, internal memory, basic instructions, to coordinate all the activities, by acting on responses, to interpret instructions, through the input-output ports, to be divided into two functional units, the arithmetic logical unit, electronic circuits, within the central processor, to transmit coordinating control signals and commands, the sequence of step-by-step operations, to control the flow, secondary memory devices

II. Find in the text equivalents of the following Ukrainian words and word-combinations:

добре відомо, центральний процесор, внутрішня пам’ять, контролювати і виконувати основні інструкції, різні компоненти, виконувати операції, інтерпретувати інструкції, відповідно до команд, порт уведення-виведення, передавати команди і сигнали, а саме, оперативна пам’ять, послідовність операцій, передбачений, таким чином, вторинна пам’ять

III. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the active vocabulary of the text:

1. The ALU and the control unit are often grouped together and referred to as the central processing unit (CPU). 2. The ALU is the area of the computer where arithmetic and logic operations are performed on data. 3. The control unit manages and coordinates the entire computer system. 4. The control unit obtains instructions from the program stored in main memory, interprets the instructions and issues signals that cause other units of the system to execute them. 5. Binary arithmetic (двійкова арифметика), the logical operations and some special functions are performed by the arithmetic-logical unit. 6. At the core (магнітне осердя) of the ALU is a very high speed binary adder (двійковий суматор) which is used to carry out at least the four basic arithmetic functions – addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

IV. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the functions of the Gerund.

1. Increasing the number of power stations in our country means improving living standards of people. 2. The new means of improving radio communication has been discovered by our engineers. 3. Iron and zinc plates are used for producing negative electrodes since these materials produce a high voltage. 4. In designing electronic computers we have passed from valves to transistor. 5. Without increasing the temperature of metals it is impossible to increase their resistance. 6. Radiation is usually detected by measuring the amount of ionization.7. They used a better method of obtaining the element. 8. Some investigators produced phosphorus by heating its compounds to very high temperatures with carbon.

V. Read the sentences and find those ones where the rule of the Sequence of Tenses is used.

1. Some years ago India began its Satellite Instructional Televi­sion Experiment. This experiment showed (that) satellite television programs had been a success with schoolchildren, their knowledge level had increased considerably. It was found that children could remember and speak about programs which they had seen several weeks back. 2. Many experts could not decide whether so much TV was harmful to the individual’s health and mental activity or not. 3. Specialists did not know if it was possible to continue modernizing the electronic equipment of this kind – the costs were too high. 4. There appeared some reports that we had technical means to use much more channels on a TV set and we should be able to see many sports and news programs from all parts of the world soon. 5. At first it was not clear whether new telephone and teletype communication with ships via six satellites was economical and re­liable or not. 6. It was announced that the cryogenic cable had been invented in Russia. 7. We know different transmitters are used in a television system – one for the sound channel and the other for the picture channel. 8. We learnt from the lecture that electricity was still considered the main source for new technological developments.

VI. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian, mind the use of “for”:

Note: for cj – оскільки, тому що, бо

prep – для, протягом, на, у, до

for + іменник + інфінітив – щоб

1. This new machine has been working for twelve hours without stopping. 2. This semiconductor was used for the first time at our plant. 3. The use of charcoal and other absorbents for the removal of impurities from a substance in solution has long been common practice. 4. For this reason this material couldn’t be used as a conductor. 5. There is one use for which the carbon lamp suits better than the tungsten lamp. 6. Photoelectric cells are known to be used for detecting flaws in certain products. 7. For centuries glass was used for jewelry, ornaments and mosaic. 8. The temperature was to low for the substance to decompose.

VII. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meaning of the word “available”:

Note: available – 1) який є (в розпорядженні)

2) доступний

3) отриманий (в результаті)

1. One of the most useful tools available to chemists is the periodic table of elements. 2. The physical properties of thousands of substances are readily available in some of the handbooks. 3. When the substances are only available in minute amounts they can be subjected to microanalysis which requires special apparatus including a microbalance and very careful manipulation. 4. All of our available energy has come from the sun. 5. Selection of the most suitable material or a given purpose must be made on the basis of the best available information on the behaviour of possible materials under the exact conditions existing and on the basis of the available experience and on the basis of intelligent use of information obtained.

VIII. Translate the text using a dictionary:

Text B. Formatting a document

Before you print your document, you can choose how you want it look on paper. This is called formatting. Some word-processing programs ask you to do this before you start writing. Others wait until you are ready to print your document and then give you a list of choices. The instructions that you use to tell the computer how to print your document are called formatting commands.

What are some of the choices that you have for formatting text? Most word-processing programs allow you to adjust the line spacing (відрегулювати міжрядковий інтервал) on your document. That means that you can select the amount of empty (незаповнений) space (інтервал, проміжок) between printed lines. You can print your document using either single-spaced (одинарний інтервал), double-spaced or triple-spaced text. You can also choose how much of a margin (поле сторінки) you want between your writing and the edges of the paper.

Some word-processing programs (програми опрацювання текстів) have a formatting command that prints justified lines (лінії вирівнювання). Justified lines form straight margins on both sides of this paper.

COMPREHENSION

I. State the most important facts from the text and write them down.

II. Answer the following questions on the text A:

1. What words in computer science are used interchangeably and why?

2. What components make up the heart of the computer system?

3. What is the function of the CPU?

4. In what way does the CPU control the operation of the whole system?

5. What is the sequence of operations the CPU performs?

6. What is the function of the CU?

7. What operations are performed in the ALU?

8. Where are data processed?

9. Where are data to be processed loaded into?

III. Make a short summary of the text according to your own plan.

LESSON THIRTEEN

READING EXERCISES

I. Practice the pronunciation of the following words:

a) stress the first syllable:

terminal, measure, traffic, binary, keyboard, primary, unique, similarly, channel, major

b) stress the second syllable:

external, remote, device, magnetic, regardless, accomplish, available, reverse, processor, transfer, according, entirely

c) stress the third syllable:

transformation, interface, recognition

II. Practice connected reading:

data processing system, external environment, human-related or human-independent, a remote batch terminal, a human-readable format, to measure traffic flow, a bar-code scanner, regardless of the forms, binary codes, physical or electrical characteristics, to adapt the output to the external environment, the major differences between devices, the high-speed devices, with complex mechanical motion, the medium-speed devices, magnetic diskette, digitizer, voice recognition and response units

Text A. INPUT-OUTPUT ENVIRONMENT

Data and instructions must enter the data processing system, and information must leave it. These operations are performed by input and output (I/O) units that link the computer to its external environment.

The I/O environment may be human-related or human-independent. A remote batch terminal is an example of a human-related input environment, and a printer is an example of a device that produces output in a human-readable format. An example of a human-independent input environment is a device that measures traffic flow. A reel of magnetic tape upon which the collected data are stored in binary format is an example of a human-independent output.

Data are entered from a keyboard in a manner similar to typing, and this differs from the way that data are entered by a bar-code scanner. However, regardless of the forms in which they receive their inputs, all input devices must provide a computer with data that are transformed into the binary codes that the primary memory of the computer is designed to accept. This transformation is accomplished by units called I/O interfaces. Input interfaces are designed to match the unique physical or electrical characteristics of input devices to the requirements of the computer system. Similarly, when output is available, output interfaces must be designed to reverse the process and to adapt the output to the external environment. These I/O interfaces are also called channels or input-output processors (IOP).

The major differences between devices are the media that they use and the speed with which they are able to transfer data to or from primary storage.

Input-output devices can be classified as high-speed, medium-speed, and low-speed. The devices are grouped according to their speed. It should be noted that the high-speed devices are entirely electronic in their operation or magnetic media that can be moved at high speed. Those high-speed devices are both input and output devices and are used as secondary storage. The low-speed devices are those with complex mechanical motion or operate at the speed of a human operator. The medium-speed devices are those that fall between – they tend to have mechanical moving parts which are more complex than the high-speed devices but not as complex as the low-speed.

High-speed devices are: magnetic disks, magnetic tape.

Medium-speed devices are: card-readers, line printers, page printers, magnetic diskette, visual displays.

Low-speed devices are: bar-code readers, character printers, digitizers, keyboard input devices, plotters, voice recognition and response units.

Vocabulary Notes

1. external environment зовнішнє оперативне середовище

2. input unit пристрій уведення

3. output unit пристрій виведення

4. environment обладнання

5. human-related пов’язаний з людиною

6. a remote batch terminal термінал дистанційного пакетного

опрацювання

7. output вихідні дані

8. human-readable придатний для читання

9. reel котушка

10. input-output interface інтерфейс уведення-виведення

11. bar-code scanner сканер штрихового коду

12. input вхідні дані

13. primary memory первинна пам’ять

14. to reverse the process змінити процес в зворотньому

напрямку

15. channel інформаційний канал

16. input/output processor процесор уведення-виведення

17. primary storage основна пам’ять

18. media засоби інформації

19. operation режим роботи, дія

20. secondary storage зовнішня пам’ять

21. card reader пристрій читання з перфокарт

22. line printer пристрій друку рядками

23. page printer пристрій друку сторінками

24. visual display візуальний дисплей

25. bar-code reader пристрій читання штрихового коду

26. character printer пристрій посимвольного друку

27. digitizer 1) перетворювач у цифрову форму

2) дискретизатор

28. plotter графобудівник

29. voice recognition розпізнавання голосу

WORD-STUDY

EXERCISES

I. Read the following international words and give their Ukrainian equivalents:

instruction, system, information, terminal, printer, format, interface, scanner, form, code, transformation, process, processor, operator, disk, diskette, plotter

II. Read and translate the following words of the common root.

to instruct – instructor, to inform – information, to operate – operation, to depend – dependent – independent, to print – printer, magnet – magnetic, regard – regardless, to transform – transformation, to require – requirement, similar – similarity, to process – processor – processing, entire – entirely, electron – electronic, to read – reader, to recognize – recognition

III.Arrange the following words in pairs according to:

a) similar meaning:

to leave, to perform, to link, environment, connected, remote, to produce, to store, to enter, manner, particular, to use, similar, to differ, however, regardless of, to receive, to call, major, speed, to transfer, entirely, complex, motion, alike, to go out, related, nevertheless, to keep, to carry, movement, equipment, to manufacture, to name, velocity, special, to connect, way, to vary, to accept, wholly, in spite of, to apply, far, to accomplish, to come in, main, sophisticated

b) opposite meaning:

input, to enter, external, independent, remote, similar, to receive, available, high, complex, moving, dependent, low-speed, to go out, stationary, internal, unlike, simple, unavailable, output, near, to give

LEXICAL AND GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. Translate the following word-combinations into Ukrainian:

to link the computer to its external environment, a human-related input environment, a reel of magnetic tape, a manner similar to typing, regardless of the forms, to match the unique physical or electrical characteristics, to adapt the output to the external environment, the major differences between devices are the media, high-speed devices, mechanical moving parts, voice recognition and response units

II. Give English equivalents to the following Ukrainian word-combinations:

система обробки даних, термінал дистанційного пакетного опрацювання, потік вуличного руху, котушка з магнітною стрічкою, зберігати в двійковому форматі, подібний до друкування, сканер штрихового коду, головні відмінності, передавати дані, не дивлячись на, змінити процес у зворотньому напрямку, у відповідності, режим роботи

III. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the active vocabulary of the text:

1. There are different input and output devices that can be connected to the computer. 2. The disk is also called diskette, or flexible disk, or just floppy. 3. If you are using a computer with a printer in the office, or have a printer attached to the terminal you are using, then it is probably of two types, a daisy wheel printer (пелюстковий друкарський пристрій) or a matrix printer (матричний друкарський пристрій) 4. A mouse is a small plastic box on the desk in front of you. It moves the cursor which is a flashing square or arrow that is used to point to something on the screen of the monitor. 5. The input-output ports are used to feed information into computers as well as to take it out. 6. The part that looks like a small television set is called a video display or CRT (Cathode-Ray Tube) or simply the tube.

IV. Translate the sentences paying attention to different meanings of the word that.

1. We could use that apparatus for various kinds of tests provided it were in our laboratory. 2. We know that electric current consists in the motion of electrons through an electric conductor. 3. A wire through which an electric current passes usually looks exactly like one that does not carry a current.4.That water boils, when sufficiently heated, is common knowledge. 5. The advantage of the device is that it consumes much less power compared to the one which we received a few weeks ago. 6. It is heat that causes many chemical changes, it is heat that enables us to do work utilizing suitable machines.

V. Translate the sentences and define tense and voice of the predicate.

1. Computers were first introduced in 40’s and 50’s. 2. Now DOS (Disk Operating System – ДОС) isn’t commonly used PC operating system. 3. DOS was developed by a company named Microsoft. 4. Today the use of hardware devices such as the printer or mouse are controlled and managed by operating systems. 5. Microsoft Corporation is oriented to produce as many programs as needed to meet people’s needs. 6. More than half the information that is transferred across the Internet is accessed through the WWW. 7. A new car model was much spoken about. 8. His experience in the field of materials science can be relied upon. 9. The new discovery was often referred to. 10. Laser was dreamt of by mankind for centuries. 11. The appearance of laser was followed by the fabrication of ultra thin silicon fibers servicing as lightwave conductors (світлопровід).

VI. State parts of speech the words in bold type belong to. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian taking into account different meanings of the word “cause”:

Note: cause n – причина

cause v – викликати що-небудь

cause + інфінітив – примусити

1. Concentrated nitric acid can be safely stored in aluminium vessels, but if a leak occurs from a defective point, it may cause external corrosion. 2. Radioactive rays were observed to cause the air through which they pass to become a conductor of electricity. 3. An expert panel of food technologists conclude that the techniques for food preservation used today do not cause major nutrient loss in foods. 4. The next question to be considered is the nature of the radiation that nuclear decay causes. 5. They had to remove the cause of the trouble.

VII. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meaning of the word “because”:

Note: because cj – оскільки, тому що

because of prep – внаслідок

1. The compound involving radicals are often ionic because of the transfer of electrons. 2. In the oil-water separation, the water will be the low phase because it is slightly denser than oil. 3. Because carbon monoxide is odourless, the presence of this gas is not easily detected. 4. Phosphorus is never found free in nature because of its strong affinity for oxygen. 5. While this method is not the most common or most useful it is necessary to consider it because it is still used in laboratory experiments. 6. A phase separation between liquids can usually be observed as two distinct layers because of the different light refractive properties of the liquids.

VIII. Translate the text using a dictionary:

Text B. Spelling checkers

Most word-processing programs allow you to create, edit (редагувати), format, print, and save documents. Some of them come with a spelling checker (програма пошуку орфографічних помилок). A spelling checker works with a word-processing program to find misspelled (неправильно написаний) words in your document. It does this by matching each word in your document with a list of words that have been programmed into its memory. This list is usually called a dictionary, but the name is misleading (що вводить в оману). Spelling checkers have no way of knowing what a word means. Their “dictionaries” are simply lists of properly spelled words.

When a spelling checker finds a word that does not match any of the words in its dictionary, it displays (відображати) the word. Then you decide whether to change it or, if it is spelled correctly, add it to the spelling checker’s dictionary. This is often necessary, since the dictionary does not contain every word you will want to use. Unusual words, technical terms, and proper names will usually need to be added to the dictionary.

While a spelling checker can help you with your writing, it is not a substitute for good language skills. Because it only matches combinations of letters, a spelling checker cannot determine whether you are using words correctly. For example, if you use too in a sentence that require two, a spelling checker will not detect the error because too is spelled correctly.

If you are typing the sentence “I wish I were at the beach” and you make a mistake and type “I fish I were at the beach”, the spelling checker will not detect the error, since fish is properly spelled.

COMPREHENSION

I. State the most important facts from the text and write them down.

II. Answer the following questions on the text:

1. What is the function of I/O units?

2. What types of I/O environment do you know?

3. What is the example of human-related input environment?

4. What is the example of human-independent input environment?

5. What are input interfaces designed for?

6. What are the major differences between the various I/O devices?

7. How can I/O devices be classified?

III. Make a short summary of the text according to your own plan.

LESSON FOURTEEN

I. Practice the pronunciation of the following words:

a) stress the first syllable:

keyboard, panel, digital, tuner, indicator, interface, software, cursor, simplify, image, vertical, textual, portable, plotter, format, analog, synthesize

c) stress the second syllable:

transfer, numerical, provide, display, require, command, capacity, respond, convert

d) stress the third syllable:

capability, horizontal, application, possibility

II. Practice connected reading:

several devices, inputting information, graphical plotting tables, digital cameras, to transfer information, light indicators, more advanced graphics, design capabilities of graphics, graphical interface, to use buttons differently, the optic-mechanical input device, to control the cursor movement, to simplify user’s orientation on the display, to issue changes in commands, tracking horizontal movement, graphical plotting tables, digital videocameras, to get high quality photos, sound conversion from analog to digital form, special game-ports and joystics

Text. A INPUT DEVICES

There are several devices used for inputting information into the computer: a keyboard, some coordinate input devices, such as manipulators (a mouse, a track ball), touch panels and graphical plotting tables, scanners, digital cameras, TV tuners, sound cards, etc.

When personal computers first became popular, the most common device used to transfer information from the user to the computer was the keyboard. It enables inputting numerical and text data. A standard keyboard has 104 keys and three more ones informing about the operating mode of light indicators in the upper right corner.

Later when the more advanced graphics became to develop, user found that a keyboard did not provide the design capabilities of graphics and text representation on the display. There appeared manipulators, a mouse and a track ball, that are usually used while operating with graphical interface. Each software program uses these buttons differently.

The mouse is the optic-mechanical input device. The mouse has three or two buttons which control the cursor movement across the screen. The mouse provides the cursor control thus simplifying user’s orientation on the display. The mouse’s primary functions are to help the user draw, point and select images on his computer display by moving the mouse across the screen.

In general software programs require to press one or more buttons, sometimes keeping them depressed or double-click them to issue changes in commands and to draw or to erase images. When you move the mouse across a flat surface, the ball located on the bottom side of the mouse turns two rollers. One is tracking the mouse’s vertical movements, the other is tracking horizontal movements. The rotating ball glides easily, giving the user good control over the textual and graphical images.

In portable computers touch panels or touch pads are used instead of manipulators. Moving a finger along the surface of the touch pad is transformed into the cursor movement across the screen.

Graphical plotting tables (plotters) find application in drawing and inputting manuscript texts. You can draw, add notes and signs to electronic documents by means of special pen. The quality of graphical plotting tables is characterized by permitting capacity, that is the number of lines per inch, and their capacity to respond to the force of pen pressing.

Scanner is used for optical inputting of images (photographies, pictures, slides) and texts and converting them into the computer form.

Digital videocameras have been spread recently. They enable getting videoimages and photographs directly in digital computer format. Digital cameras give possibility to get high quality photos.

Sound cards produce sound conversion from analog to digital form. They are able to synthesize sounds. Special game-ports and joystics are widely used in computer games.

Vocabulary notes

1. keyboard клавіатура

2. coordinate узгоджений

3. trackball кульовий маніпуляторний вказівник

4. touch panel сенсорна панель

5. plotting table планшетний графобудівельник

6. digital camera цифровий фотоапарат

7. TV tuner селектор телевізійних каналів

8. sound card звукова плата

9. key клавіша

10. operating mode робочий режим

11. advanced покращений, вдосконалений

12. representation зображення

13. display екран дисплея

14. to depress натиснути (на клавішу)

15. double click подвійне клацання

16. to issue видавати (команди)

17. to erase усувати, знищувати

18. roller ролик

19. to track простежувати

20. to glide плавно рухатися, ковзати

21. touch pad сенсорна клавіатура

22. instead of замість (чогось)

23. manuscript text рукописний текст

24. capacity ємність, місткість, здатність

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