Префиксы

Признак наречий

Признак прилагательных

Признак существительных

V	+ er, or + ee	– лицо или устройство, совершающее действие (teacher, transmitter); – лицо, на которое направлено действие (employee, trainee, addressee).
N	+ ist + ian	– лицо, принадлежащее к политическому или научному направлению (scientist, communist); – национальная принадлежность, звание или профессия (Russian, academician, pediatrician).

Отвлечённые понятия

V/Adj V N N V N/Adj V Adj N/Adj Adj V

+ ance, ence + ant, ent + hood + ion + ssion, tion + ism + ment + ness + ship + ty/ity + ure, ture + y

– conference, substance; – resident, stimulant; – childhood, brotherhood; – union; – admission, action, illustration; – socialism, rheumatism, parkinsonism; – movement, development; – illness, blackness; – friendship, relationship, hardship; – difficulty; – procedure, failure, structure; – biology, physiology.

V N V Num/Adj N Ant V/N N/Adj V/N N/V N

+ able, ible + al + ant, ent + fold + ful + less/lis + ic + ish + ive + ous + y

– comfortable; – epidemical; – insistant, different; – кратность: twofold, manifold; – наличие качества: useful, helpful; – отсутствие качества: useless, hairless; – symmetric, organic; – качество, национальность: feverish, English; – active, effective; – dangerous, various; – windy, angry, chilly.

Adj N/Adj/Adv N

+ ly + ward(s) + wise

– exactly; – направление: forwards, onwards, backward; – способ действия: clockwise (по часовой стрелке).

Признак глаголов

N/Adj N/Adj N/Adj

+ ate + en + fy/ify

– activate, translate; – strengthen, threaten, lessen, weaken; – simplify, justify, identify.

выражают противоположность:

A anti counter/contra de dis non un, in im, il, ir co en   mal   mis   over   post pre   re + sub +   super + trans + ultra + under +  

+ adj + adj/n + v/n + v/n + v/n + adj/n + adj/adv/part + adj/adv/part + part /adj/n + adj/n = v   + n/v   + v/n   + v/n   + n/adj/ part + n/adj/ part    

– asymmetric, afibril; – antibacterial, antigen; – counteract, contraindication; – deformation, to demobilize, to decompose; – discontinue, dislike, disappear; – non-essential, non-conductor; – unnecessary, inability, unloaded; – immature, illogical, irregular, irresponsive; – совместность: contransported, cooperaration; – делать, приводить в состояние: to enlarge, to enable, to entitle; – плохой, плохо; неправильное действие: malnurishment, to maladjust, malinformation; – ошибочность действия: to misinform, to mislead; – сверх нормы; чрезмерность: to overestimate, overload; – последствие: postoperative; – предшествие: preexisting, pretreatment, preoperative; – повторность: to reinvestigate, reform; – под; более низкая степень, подразделение: subacute, subgroup, subscript (O2); – высокая степень: superhuman, supernatural; – пере-, транс-, (через): transplantation; – ультра, сверх: ultra-violet; – недостаточность; нахождение под чем-либо: Underestimate, undermineralization.

extra- intra- inter - para- peri-

(outside) (inside) (between) (beside) (around)

– вне – внутри – между – рядом – вокруг

sub- infra- supra- retro-

(below) (below) (above) (behind)

– под, ниже – ниже – выше – сзади

Тесты к синтаксису

Упражнение 1.

Внимательно прочитайте предложения. Вопросы помогут Вам проверить ваше понимание сложных грамматических структур. Выберите наиболее подходящий вариант:

1. I disagreed then as now with many of Jonh Smith’s judgments, but always respected him, and this book is a welcome reminder of his big, honest, friendly, stubborn personality.

How does the author of this sentence feel about Jonh Smith?

______ a. He dislikes him but agrees with his ideas.

______ b. He considers him to be a disagreeable person.

______ c. He disagrees with his ideas but respects him.

______ d. He disagreed with him then but agrees with him now.

2. Concepts like passivity, dependence, and aggression may need further research if they are to continue to be useful ways of thinking about human personalities.

What might require more research?

______ a. human thought processes

______ b. certain concepts

______ c. human personalities

______ d. useful ways of thinking.

3. In order for you to follow the schedule set by the publisher, your paper must be looked over over the weekend, revised, and handed in in its final form on Monday.

What must you do on Saturday and Sunday?

______ a. meet the publisher

______ b. examine your paper

______ c. hand in a paper

______ d. look over the weekend.

4. The real reason why prices were, and still are, too high is complicated, and no short discussion can satisfactory explain this problem.

What word or phrase best describes prices?

______ a. complicated

______ b. adequately explained

______ c. too high in the past, but low now

______ d. too high in the past and in the present.

5. This is not just a sad-but-true story; the boy’s experience is horrible and damaging, yet a sense of love shines through every word.

How does the author of this sentence feel about the story?

______ a. It transmits a sense of love.

______ b. It is just sad.

______ c. It is not true.

______ d. It is horrible and damaging.

6. In the past five years the movement has grown from unorganized groups of poorly armed individuals to a comparatively well-armed, well-trained army of anywhere from 10,000 to 16,000 members.

What is the present condition of this movement?

______ a. The members are poorly armed.

______ b. There are only a few poor individuals.

______ c. There are over 16,000 members.

______ d. The members are organized and well armed.

7. The financial situation isn’t bad yet, but we believe that we have some vital information and, if it is correct, unemployment will soon become a serious problem.

What do we know about the financial situation?

______ a. It won’t change.

______ b. It will become a serious problem.

______ c. It is not bad now.

______ d. It will improve.

8. The general then added, “The only reasonable solution to the sort of problems caused by the current unstable political situation is one of diplomacy and economic measures and not the use of military force.”

What type of solution does the general support?

______ a. economic and diplomatic action

______ b. diplomatic and economic action if military force fails

______ c. only diplomatic action

______ d. military action in response to political problems

9. Because the supply of nature gas was plentiful in comparison to other choices like coal and fuel oil, and because it burns cleaner, many people changed their heating systems to natural gas, there by creatining shortages.

Why did people prefer gas?

______ a. It was natural.

______ b. There were no other choices.

______ c. The other fuels were dirtier and less plentiful.

______ d. There is, even today, a plentiful supply of it.

Упражнение 2

1. My discovery of Tillie Olsen was a gift-from a friend; years ago she gave me her copy of Tell Me A Riddle, because she liked the stories and wanted to share the experience.

What do we know about Tillie Olsen?

______ a. She is a friend.

______ b. She likes stories.

______ c. She gives gifts.

______ d. She is an author.

2. A few goverment official even estimate that the war has created more than half a million refugees who need immediate food, clothing, and shelter.

Exactly how many refugees are there?

______ a. half a million

______ b. over half a million

______ c. We don’t know exactly.

______ d. Only a few goverment officials know the exact figure.

3. The Green Tiger Press believes that the relatively unknown works of great children’s illustrators are sources of vast beauty and power, and is attempting to make these treasures more easily available.

What is the goal of this printing company?

______ a. to publish more children’s books

______ b. to develop powerful stories

______ c. to make children’s illustrations more easily available

______ d. to encourage artists to become children’s illustrators.

4. Although he calls the $ 1,000 donation “a very generous amount, especially in these times,” the president expresses hope that the project will attract additional funds from companies and other sources so that it can continue beyond this first year.

What does the president know about the project?

______ a. It will cost only $ 1,000

______ b. It is very special.

______ c. Special sources will support it.

______ d. It cannot continue without additional funding.

5. Any thought that this new custom will remain unchanged – or in Europe will remain uniquely English – is ridiculous.

What does the author believe about the new custom?

______ a. It will remain limited.

______ b. The custom will change.

______ c. Acceptance of the custom is ridiculous.

______ d. The custom will remain in Europe.

6. These robust and persistent sailors gathered from all the nations of western Europe, and set out on the voyages that laid foundations for four great empires with no other power than sail and oar.

Why were these voyages important?

______ a. Sailors came from many countries in Europe.

______ b. The voyages laid the foundations for western Europe.

______ c. The foundations for empires were established.

______ d. Western Europe lost its power.

7. Young people need to develop the values, attitudes, and problem – solving skills essential to their participation in a political system which was designed, and is still based, on the assumption that all citizens would be so prepared.

What is a basic assumption of this political system?

______ a. All people will be capable of participation.

______ b. All people participate in the system.

______ c. All people should have the same values and attitudes.

______ d. Most people cannot develop the skills to participate in the system.

8. While we may be interested in the possibilities of social harmony and individual fulfillment to be achieved through nontraditional education, one cannot help being cautious about accepting any sort of one –sided educational program as a cure for the world’s ills.

How does the author feel about nontraditional education?

______ a. He belivies that it has no possibility of success.

______ b. He doubts that it can cure the world’s ills.

______ c. He feels that it is a cure for the world’s ills.

______ d. He believes it will bring social harmony.

9. The complexity of the human situation and the injustice of the social order demand far more fundamental changes in the basic structure of society itself than some politicians are willing to admit in their speeches.

What is necessary to correct the problems of society?

______ a. basic changes in its structure

______ b. fewer political speeches

______ c. honest politicians

______ d. basic changes in political methods.

Упражнение 3

1. Like physical anthropology, orthodontics (dentistry dealing with the irregularities of teeth) tries to explain how and why men are different; unlike anthropology it also tries to correct those differences for functional or aesthetic reasons.

How does orthodontics differ from physical anthropology?

______ a. Physical anthropology is concerned with aesthetics; orthodontics is not.

______ b. Physical anthropology deals with the irregularities of teeth.

______ c. Orthodontics tries to explain why men are different, anthropology does not.

______ d. Anthroppology does not try to correct differences among men; orthodontics does.

2. What is most obvious in this book are all those details of daily living which make Mrs.Richards anything but common.

According to this statement, what kind of person is Mrs. Richards?

______ a. She is very obvious.

______ b. She is an unusual person.

______ c. She is anything she wants to be.

______ d. She is quite ordinary.

3. A third island appeared gradually during a period of volcanic activity that lasted over four years. Later, the 1866 eruptions, which brought to Santorin those volcanologists who first began archeological work there enlarged the new island through two new crater vents.

What enlarged the third island?

______ a. the eruptions of 1866

______ b. a four-year period of volcanic activity

______ c. the activities of the men who came to study volanoes

______ d. archeological work, which created two new crater vents

4. Just before his tenth birthday John received a horse from his father; this was the first of a series of expensive gifts intended to create the impression of a loving parent.

Why did John receive the horse?

______ a. because he was ten

______ b. because his father loved him

______ c. because his father wanted to seem loving

______ d.because his father wouldn’t be able to give him expensive gifts in the future

5. Since industry and commerce are the largest users of electrical energy, using less electricity would mean a reduced industrial capacity and fewer jobs in the affected industries and therefore an unfavorable change in our economic structure.

According to this sentence, decreasing the use of

electricity ____

______ a. must begin immediately.

______ b. isn’t important.

______ c. will cause difficulties.

______ d. won’t affect industry.

6. The medical journal reported that heart attack victims who recover are approximately five times as likely to die within the next five years as those people without a history of heart disease.

What did this article say about people who have had a heart attack?

______ a. They are more likely to die in the near future than others.

______ b. They will die in five years.

______c. They are less likely to die than people without a history of heart disease.

______ d. They are likely to recover.

7. Few phenomena in history are more puzzling than this one: that men and women with goals so vague, with knowledge so uncertain, with hopes so foggy, still would have riscked dangers so certain and tasks so great.

What historical fact is puzzling?

______ a. that people had such vague goals

______ b. that people took such great risks

______ c. that people had foggy hopes and uncertain knowledge

______ d. that people completed such great tasks

8. Next he had to uncover the ancient secret – so jealously guarded by the ancients that no text of any kind, no descriptive wall painting, and no tomb inscriptions about making papyrus are known to exist.

What secret did this man want to discover?

______ a. how to understand wall paintings

______ b. how to read tomb inscriptions

______ c. how to read the ancient texts

______ d. how to produce papyrus

9. Alexis, ruler of a city where politics was a fine art, concealed his fears, received the noblemen with extravagant ceremonies, impressed them with his riches, praised them, entertained them, bribed them, made promises he had no intention of keeping-and thus succeeded in keeping their troops outside his city walls.

Why did Alexis give money and attention to the noblemen?

______ a. because they praised him

______ b. in order to prevent their armies from entering the city

______ c. in order to impress them with his riches

______ d. because they were his friends

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