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Аронсон Э. 47 страница. 9. Bruce, L. (1966). How to talk dirty and influence people (pp




 

9. Bruce, L. (1966). How to talk dirty and influence people (pp. 232-233). Chicago: Playboy Press, and New York: Pocket Books.

 

10. Time, November 24, 1980, p. II.

 

11. Jones, E., & Kohler, R. (1959). The effects of plausibility on the learning of controversial statements. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 57, 315-320.

 

12. Lord, С., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. (1979). Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subseqently considered evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 2098-2109.

 

13. Ehrlich, D., Guttman, 1., Schonbach, P., & Mills, J. (1957). Postdecision exposure to relevant information. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 57, 98-102.

 

14. Brehm, J. (1956). Postdecision changes in the desirability of alternatives. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 52, 384-389.

 

15. Johnson, D.J., & Rusbult, C.E. (1989). Resisting temptation: Devaluation of alternative partners as ameans of maintaining commitment in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 967-980.

 

16. Simpson, J.A., Gangestad, S. W., & Lerma, M. (1990). Perception of physical attractiveness: Mechanisms involved in the maintenance of romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1192-1201.

 

17. Wiesel, E. (1969). Night. New York: Avon.

 

18. White, R. (1971, November). Selective inattention. Psychology Today, pp. 47- 50, 78-84.

 

19. Глубокий анализ данного процесса, имевшего место в ряде катастрофических политических решений, - см.: Janis, 1. (1972). Victims of group-think. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

 

20. Pentagon papers: The secret war. (1971, June 28). Time, p. 12.

 

21. Freedman, J., & Eraser, S. (1966). Compliance without pressure: The foot-in-the-door technique. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 195-202.

 

22. Pliner, P., Hart, H., Kohl, J., & Saari, D. (1974). Compliance without pressure: Some further data on the foot-in-the-door technique. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 10,17-22.

 

 

23. Knox, R., & Inkster, J. (1968). Postdecision dissonance at post time. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8, 319-323.

 

24. Frenkel, O.J., & Doob, A. (1976). Post-decision dissonance at the polling booth. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 8, 347-350.

 

25. Cialdini, R., Cacioppo, J., Bassett, R., & Miller, J. (1978). Low-ball procedure for producing compliance: Commitment then cost. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36,463-476.

 

26. Ibid.

 

27. Mills, J. (1958). Changes in moral attitudes following temptation. Journal of Personality, 26,517-531.

 

28. Festinger, L., & Carlsmith, J.M. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210.

 

29. Cohen, A.R. (1962). An experiment on small rewards for discrepant compliance and attitude change. In J.W. Brehm & A.R. Cohen, Explorations in cognitive dissonance (pp. 73-78). New York: Wiley.

 

30. Между прочим, следует отметить, что исследование феномена <говорю-значит-верю> привело к ряду противоречивых экспериментальных данных. Однако факты в поддержку приведенного в тексте анализа перевешивают. Более детальное обсуждение этого вопроса - см.: Aronson, Е. (1969). The theory of cognitive dissonance: A current perspective. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 1-34). New York: Academic Press.

 

31. Zimbardo, P., Weisenberg, M., Firestone, 1., & Levy, B. (1965). Communicator effectiveness in producing public conformity and private attitude change. Journal of Personality 33, 233-255.

 

32. Mills, Changes in moral attitudes.

 

33. Aronson, Е. (1968). Dissonance theory: Progress and problems. In R.P. Abelson, Е. Aronson, W.J. McGuire, T.M. Newcomb, M.J. Rosenberg, and P.H. Tannenbaum (Eds.), Theories of cognitive consistency: A sourcebook (pp. 5-27). Chicago: Rand McNally. Aronson, Е. (1969). The theory of cognitive dissonance: A current perspective. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 1-34). New York: Academic Press.

 

34. Nel, Е., Helmreich, R., & Aronson, Е. (1969). Opinion change in the advocate as a function of the persuasibility of his audience: A clarification of the meaning of dissonance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 12, 117-124.

 

35. Hoyt, M., Henley, M., & Collins, B. (1972). Studies in forced compliance: Confluence of choice and consequence on attitude change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 23, 204-210. Schlenker, B., & Schlenker, P. (1975). Reactions following counterattitudinal behavior which produces positive consequences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 962-971. Riess, M., & Schlenker, B. (1977). Attitude change and responsibility avoidance as modes of dilemma resolution in forced-compliance situations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 21-30.

 

36. Cialdini, R., & Schroeder, D. (1976). Increasing compliance by legitimizing paltry contributions: When even a penny helps. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34,599-604.

 

37. Freedman, J. (1963). Attitudinal effects of inadequate justification. Journal of Personality, 31,371-385.

 

38. Deci, Е. (1975). Intrinsic motivation. New York: Plenum. Deci, Е. (1971). Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and

 

 

Social Psychology, 18, 105-115. Deci, E., Nezlek, J., & Sheinman, L. (1981). Characteristics of the rewarder and intrinsic motivation of the rewardee. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 1-10.

 

39. Lepper, M.R., & Greene, D. (1975). Turning play into work: Effects of adult surveillance and extrinsic rewards on children's intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 479-486.

 

40. Aronson, E., & Carlsmith, J.M. (1963). Effect of the severity of threat on the devaluation of forbidden behavior. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 584-588.

 

41. Freedman, J. (1965). Long-term behavioral effects of cognitive dissonance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1, 145-155.

 

42. Sears, R., Whiting, J., Nowlis, V., & Sears, P. (1953). Some child-rearing antecedents of aggression and dependency in young children. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 47, 135-234.

 

43. Aronson, E., & Mills, J. (1959). The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 59, 177-181.

 

44. Gerard, H., & Malhewson, G. (1966). The effects of severity of initiation on liking for a group: A replication. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2, 278- 287.

 

45. Cooper, J. (1980). Reducing fears and increasing assertiveness: The role of dissonance reduction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16, 199-213.

 

46. Conway, М., & Ross, М. (1984). Getting what you want by revising what you had. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 738-748.

 

47, Michener, J. (1971). Kent State: What happened and why. New York: Random House.

 

48. Ibid.

 

49. Davis, K., & Hones, E.E. (1960). Changes in interpersonal perception as a means of reducing cognitive dissonance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 61, 402-410.

 

50. Glass, D. (1964). Changes in liking as a means of reducing cognitive discrepancies between self-esteem and aggression. Journal of Personality, 32, 531-549.

 

51. Berscheid, E., Boyce, D., & Walster(Hatfield), E. (1968). Retaliation as a means of restoring equity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10, 370-376.

 

52. Jones, E., & Nisbett, R. (1971). The actor and the observer: Divergent perceptions of the causes of behavior. New York: General Learning Press.

 

53. Shaw, G.B. (1952). In D. Russel (Ed.), Selected Prose. New York: Dodd, Mead.

 

54. Brehm, J. (1959). Increasing cognitive dissonance by afait-accompH. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 379-382.

 

55. Darley,J., & Berscheid,E. (1967).Increased liking as aresult of the anticipation of personal contact. Human Relations, 20, 29-40.

 

56. Lehman, D., & Taylor, S.E. (1987). Date with an earthquake: Coping with a probable, unpredictable disaster. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 13, 546- 555.

 

57. Aronson, E., & Mettee, D. (1968). Dishonest behavior as a function of different levels of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 121-127.

 

58. Zimbardo, P. (1969). The cognitive control of motivation. Glencoe, IL: Scott, Foresman.

 

 

59. Brehm, J. (1962). Motivational effects of cognitive dissonance. In Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1962 (pp. 51-77). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

 

60. Brehm, J., & Cohen, A. (1962). Explorations in cognitive dissonance. New York: Wiley.

 

61. Aronson, E. (1960). The cognitive and behavioral consequences of the confirmation and disconfirmation of expentancies.Unpublished manuscript, Harvard University, Aronson, E., & Carlsmith, J.M. (1962). Performance expectancy as a determinant of actual performance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 65, 178-182. Aron-son, E., & Mettee, D.R. (1968). Dishonest behavior as a function of differential levels of induced self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 121-27. Nel, E., Helmreich, R., & Aronson, E. (1969). Opinion change in the advocate as a function of the persuasibility of his audience: A clarification of the meaning of dissonance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 12, 117- 24. Aronson, E., Chase, Т., Helmreich, R., & Ruhnke, R. (1974). A two-factor theory of dissonance reduction: The effect of feeling stupid or feeling <awful> on opinion change. International Journal for Research and Communication, 3,59-74.

 

62. Rosenberg, M.J. (1965). When dissonance fails: On eliminating evaluation apprehension from attitude measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 28-42.

 

63. binder, D.L., Cooper, J., & Jones, E.E. (1967). Decision freedom as a determinant of the role of incentive magnitude in attitude change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 6,245-254.

 

64. Goethals, G., Cooper, J., & Anahita, N. (1979). Role of foreseen, foreseeable, and unforeseeable behavioral consequences in the arousal of cognitive dissonance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1179-1185.

 

65. Bern, D.J. (1967). Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena. Psychological Review, 74, 183-200.

 

66. Jones, R.A., binder, D.E., Kiesler, C.A., Zanna, M., & Brehm, J. W. (1968). Internal states or external stimuli: Observers' attitude judgments and the dissonance theory - self-persuasion controversy. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 4, 247-269. Piliavin, J.A., Piliavin, 1.M., Loewenton, E.P., McCauley, C., & Hammond, P. (1969). On observers' reproduction of dissonance effects: The right answers for the wrong reasons? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 98-106.

 

67. Fa^io, R., Zanna, M., & Cooper, J. (1977). Dissonance and self-perception: An integrative view of each theory's proper domain of application. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13, 464-479. Ronis, D., & Greenwald, A. (1979). Dissonance theory revised again: Comment on the paper by Fazio, Zanna, and Cooper. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 15, 62-69. Fazio, R., Zanna, M., & Cooper, J. (1979). On the relationship of data to theory: A reply to Ronis and Greenwald. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 15, 70-76.

 

68. Pallak, M.S., & Pittman, T.S. (1972). General motivational effects of dissonance arousal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21, 349-358.

 

69. Zanna, M., & Cooper, J. (1974). Dissonance and the pill: An attribution approach to studying the arousal properties of dissonance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29,703-709.

 

70. Bond, С. (1981). Dissonance and the pill: An interpersonal simulation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 7, 398-403.

71. Mountain West Research, Inc. (1979). Three Mile Island telephone survey.

 

 

Preliminary report on procedures and findings, report submitted to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NUREG CR-1093).

 

72. News-week, April 16, 1979, pp. 93, 35. CBS News-New York Times Poll, The New York Times, April 10, 1979, pp. 1, 16.

 

73. Axsom, D., & Cooper, J. (1981). Reducing weight by reducing dissonance: The role of effort justification in inducing weight loss. In E. Aronson (Ed.), Readings aboufthe social animal (pp. 181-196). San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.

 

74. Stone, J., Aronson, E., Grain, A.L., Winslow, M.P., & Fried, C.B. (1994). Inducing hypocrisy as a means of encouraging young adults to use condorns. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 116-128.

 

75. Dicker-son, C.A., Thibodeau, R., Aronson, E., & Miller, D. (1992). Using cognitive dissonance to encourage water conservation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22, 841-854.

 

76. Johnson, L.B. (1971). The vantage point: Perspectives of the presidency 1963-69. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

77. Reagan, R. (1990). An American life (p. 405). New York: Simon & Schuster.

 

К главе 6 Человеческая агрессия

 

1. Newsweek, April 28, 1986, p. 22.

 

2. Rousseau, J.-J. (1930). Thesocial contract and discources. New York: Dutton. Рус. пер. с франц. -Руссо Ж.-Ж. О причинах неравенства. СПб., 1907.

 

3. Freud, S. (1948). Beyond the pleasure principle. London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psycho-Analysis. Рус. пер. с нем.: Фрейд 3. По ту сторону принципа наслаждения. - В кн.: Фрейд Зигмунд. <Я> и <Оно>. Труды разных лет. Книга 1. Тбилиси: 1991.

 

4. Freud, S. (1959). Why war? (letter to Albert Einstein, 1932). In E. Jones (Ed.), Collected papers (Vol. 5, p. 282). New York: Basic Books.

 

5. Storr, A. (1970). Human aggression. New York: Bantam.

 

6. Кио, Z.Y. (1961). Genesis of the cat's response to the rat. In Instinct (p. 24). Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.

 

7. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1. (1963). Aggressive behavior and ritualized fighting in animals. In J.H.Masserman (Ed.), Science and psychoanalysis, Vol. VI. Violence and war. New York: Crune and Stratton.

 

8. Scott, J.P. (1958). Aggression. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

 

9. Lorenz, K. (1966). On aggression. (M.Wilson, trans.). New York: Harcourt, Brace and World. Рус. пер. с нем. - Лоренц К. Агрессия (так называемое <зло>). М.: Изд. группа <Прогресс>. <Универс>, 1994.

 

10. Berkowiti, L. (1989). Frustration-aggression hypothesis: Examination and reformulation. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 59-73.

 

II. Hunt, G. Т. (1940). The wars of the Iroquois. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.

 

12. Lagerspeti, K. (1979). Modification of aggressiveness in mice. In S. Feshbach and A. Fraczek (Eds.), Aggression in behavior change. New York: Praeger.

 

ll.Lorenz.K. On aggression.

 

 

14. Washbum, S., & Hamburg, D. (1965). The implications ofprirnate research. In 1. DeVore (Ed.), Primate behavior: Field studies of monkeys and apes (pp. 607-622). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

 

15. LeBoeaf, B. (1974). Male-male competition and reproductive success in elephant seals. American Zoologist, 14, 163-176.

 

16. Montagu, A. (1950). On being human. New York: Hawthorne Books.

 

17. Kropotkin, P. (1902). Mutual aid. New York: Doubleday. Рус. пер. с англ.: Кропоткин П. Взаимная помощь как фактор эволюции. Пер. с англ. В. Батуринского под ред. автора. СПб., 1907 (В кн.: Сочинения. Т. 7).

 

18. Nissen, Н., & Crawford, М.Р. (1936). Preliminary study of food-sharing behavior in young chimpanzees. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 22, 383-419.

 

19. Time, October 7, 1974.

 

20. Leakey, R., & Lewin, R. (1978). People of the lake. New York: Anchor Press/ Doubleday.

 

21. Eisley, L. (1946). The immense journey (p.140). New York: Random House.

 

22. Menninger, W. (1948). Recreation and mental health. Recreation, 42, 340-346.

 

23. Berkowitz, L. (1993). Aggression. New York: McGraw-Hill.

 

24. Patterson, A. (1974, September). Hostility catharsis: A naturalistic quasi-experiment. Paper presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, New Orleans.

 

25. Johnson, W. (1970, October). Guilt-free aggression for the troubled jock. Psychology Today, pp. 70-73.

 

26. Russell, G. (1981). Spectator moods at an aggressive sports event. Journal of Social Psychology, 3,217-227.

 

27. Feshbach, S. (1955). The drive-reducing function of fantasy behavior. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 50, 3-11.

 

28. Hokanson, J., & Burgess, M. (1962). The effects of three types of aggression on vascular process. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 64, 446-449.

 

29. Geen, R., & Quanty, M. (1977). The catharsis of aggression: An evaluation of the hypothesis. In L.Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 10, pp. 1-36). New York: Academic Press.

 

30. Geen, R., Stonner, D., & Shape, G. (1975). The facilitation of aggression by aggression: A study in response inhibition and disinhibition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 721-726.

 

31. Ebbesen, E., Duncan, В., & Konecni, V. (1975). Effects of content on verbal aggression: A field experiment. Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology, II, 192-204.

 

32. Glass, D. (1964). Changes in liking as a means of reducing cognitive discrepancies between self-esteem and aggression. Journal of Personality, 32, 531-549. Davis, K.E., & Jones, E.E. (1960). Changes in interpersonal perception as a means of reducing cognitive dissonance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 61, 402- 410. CM. также: Buss, A.H. (1963). Physical aggression in relation to different frustrations. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 1-7.

 

33. Kahn, M. (1966). The physiology of catharsis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 278-298. CM. также: Berkowit^, L., Green, J., & Macauley, J. (1962). Hostility catharsis as the reduction of emotional tension. Psychiatry, 25, 23-31; и DeCharms, R., & Wilkins, E.J. (1963). Some effects of verbal expression of hostility. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 462-4.70.

 

 

34. Doob, A.N., & Wood, L. (1972). Catharsis and aggression: The effects of annoyance and retaliation on aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 22,156-162.

 

35. Freud, Why war?, p. 282.

 

36. Archer, D. & Gartner, R. (1976). Violent acts and violent times: A comparative approach to postwar homicide rates. American Sociological Review, 41, 937-963.

 

37. Lorenz, On aggression. Menninger, Recreation and mental health.

 

38. Klapper, J. (1960). The effects of mass communication. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.

 

39. Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 575- 582. Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. (1963). A comparative test of the status envy, social power, and secondary reinforcement theories of identiFicatory learning. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 527-534. Bandura,A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. (1963). Vicarious reinforcement and initiative learning. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67,601-607.

 

40. Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Signorielli, N., & Morgan, M. (1980). Television violence, victimization, and power. American Behavioral Scientist, 23, 705-716. Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., & Signorielli, N. (1986). Living with television: The dynamics of the cultivation process. In J. Bryant and D. Zillman (Eds.), Perspectives on media effects (pp. 17-40). Hilisdale, NJ: Eribaum.

 

41. Liebert, R., & Baron, R. (1972). Some immediate effects of televised violence on children's behavior. Developmental Psychology, 6, 469-475.

 

42. Parke, R., Berkowitz, L., Leyens, J., West, S., & Sebastian, R. (1977). Some effects of violent and nonviolent movies on the behavior of juvenile delinquents. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 135-172). New York: Academic Press.

 

43. Eron, L.R., & Huesmann, R. (1980). Adolescent aggression and television. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 347, 319-331.

 

44. Huesmann, R., Lagerspetz, K., & Eron, L. (1984). Intervening variables in the TV violence-aggression relation: Evidence from two countries. Developmental Psychology, 20, 746-775.

 

45. Eron, L., & Huesmann, L.R. (1986). The role of television in the development of prosocial and antisocial behavior. In D. Olweus, J. Block, and M. Radke-Yarrow (Eds.), Development of antisocial and prosocial behavior: Research, theories, and issues (pp. 285-314). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

 

46. Josephson, W.D. (1987). Television violence and children's aggression: Testing the priming, social script, and disinhibition prediction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53,882-890.

 

47. Thomas, M.H., Norton, R., Lippincott, E., & Drabman.R. (1977). Desensitization to portrayals of real-life aggression as a function of exposure to television violence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 450-458.

 

48. См. недавний обзор исследований по данному вопросу: Phillips.D.P.

(1986). Natural experiments on the effects of mass media violence on fatal aggression: Strengths and weaknesses of a new approach. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 19, pp. 207-250). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

 

49. Phillips, D.P. (1983).The impact of mass mediaviolence on U.S.homicides. American Sociological Review, 48, 560-568.

 

50. Phillips, D.P. (1986).Natural experiments on the effects of mass mediavio-lence on fatal aggression: Strengths and weaknesses of a new approach. In L. Berkowitz

 

 

(Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 19, pp. 207-250). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

 

51. The violence bag. (1971, December 13). Newsweek, p. 110,

 

52. Drop that gun, Captain Video. (1975, March 10). Newsweek, pp. 81-82.

 

53. Harbert, Т. (1993). Interview with Charlie Rose, PBS.

 

54. Diener, E., & Defour, D. (1978). Does television violence enhance program popularity? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 333-341.

 

55. Federal Bureau of Investigation. (1990). Uniform Crime Reports for the United States. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

 

56. Malamuth, N.M. (1983). Factors associated with rape as predictors of laboratory aggression against women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 432- 442. Malamuth, N.M. (1986). Predictors of naturalistic sexual aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 953-962.

 

57. Donnerstein, E. (1980). Aggressive erotica and violence against women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 269-277.

 

58. Malamuth N. (1981). Rape fantasies as a function of exposure to violent sexual stimuli. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 10, 33-47.

 

59. Malamuth, N., & Check, J. (1981). The effects of mass media exposure on acceptance of violence against women: A field experiment. Journal of Research in Personality, 15, 436-446.

 

60. Foa, P. (1978). What's wrong with rape. In M. Vetterling-Broggin, F. Ellison, and J. English (Eds.), Feminism and philosophy (p. 355). Totowa, NJ: Littlefield Adams.

 

61. Malamuth, N., Haber, S., & Feshbach, S. (1980). Testing hypothesis regarding rape: Exposure to sexual violence, sex differences, and the <normality> of rapists. Journal of Research in Personality, 14, 121-137.

 

62.Check, J., & Malamuth, N. (1983),Can there be positive effects of participation in pornography experiments? Journal of Sex Research, 20, 14-31,

 

63. Linz, D., Donnerstein, E., & Penrod, S. (1988). Effects of long-term exposure to violent and sexually degrading depictions of women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55,758-768.

 

64. Barker, R., Dembo, Т., & Lewin, K. (1941). Frustration and aggression: An experiment with young children. University of Iowa Studies in Child Welfare, 18, 1-314.

 

65. Harris, M. (1974). Mediators between frustration and aggression in a Field experiment. Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology, 10, 561-571.

 

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