The international experience of quality management products in the enterprise. 2 страница

17 Organization of warehouse management. In any enterprise is part of the territory (space) definitely allotted to the reception, unloading, storage, processing, loading and shipment of the goods. To perform such work the necessary cargo area and platforms with access roads, specially equipped and equipped with technological means items weighing, sorting, etc. of Such objects of logistics infrastructure companies represent warehouses. The warehouse is a complex of buildings, structures, and devices, intended for reception, distribution and storage of incoming goods (goods), to prepare them for consumption and release to consumers, ensuring the safety of inventory, allowing to accumulate the necessary reserves. The main purpose of warehouse — concentration of stocks, their storage, maintenance of uninterrupted and rhythmical supply of consumers in accordance with the orders. In modern conditions the attitude of the warehousing is rapidly changing: it is not viewed simply as isolated complex warehouse operations storage I handling. and as an effective means of inventory management and promotion of material flow in the logistics supply chain of the enterprise. The warehouses are used only in those cases where they are objectively necessary and actually reduce total logistics costs or increase the quality of logistics service.The organization of the warehouse process. Involves the solution of a problem of rational organization of the warehouse process type in time and space as part of the production process. The aim as far as possible and where possible to organize the warehouse work flow methods. There are certain generic solutions for warehouses with different specializations, different types of processes and level of automation. In the organization of the warehouse processes necessary to achieve:rational planning of warehouse in the allocation of work areas, which contributes to the rational organization of the process of handling and cost reduction;efficient use of space in the arrangement of equipment that allows you to increase the capacity of the warehouse;broad application of universal equipment that perform a variety of warehouse operations that provides a significant reduction of the fleet of lifting-transport devices:minimize routes of physical movement of goods, allowing you to increase throughput and reduce operating costs;optimize batches of shipments and implementation of centralized delivery, which can significantly reduce transportation costs;maximizing the opportunities of the information system, which significantly reduces the time and costs associated with the paperwork and exchange of information.

18 Principal costs associated with the size of the schedule - There are several types of costs associated with the acquisition and storage of stocks. It costs:1) inventory — the cost of maintenance of warehouses (security, lighting, heating), insurance premiums, rent for the warehouse, losses from aging, damage, theft of inventory.We should pay particular attention to indirect costs of keeping inventory. They arise due to inefficient investments in the stocks of capital that can be used differently.The total annual amount of these costs proportional to the value of the investments in capital stocks;2) the size of the consignment they ordered proportional to the number of parties, and not manufactured products. This group includes the costs for the preparation of the accounting statements, the cost of telephone calls, faxes, postage, transport etc. The total amount of these costs per unit of reserves is proportional to the number of issued stocks;3) the fulfillment of customers ' orders. Represent the costs of accounting operations, salaries of warehouse workers engaged in the order processing, packaging, transportation, etc.; 4) associated with a deficiency of reserves — the cost of communication, travel, bonuses, and additional costs arising from the fragmentation of the party of orders;5) inventory management — cost of training technical and managerial staff, technical and Supervisory staff;6) introduction of an information system. Include acquisition costs of computer hardware and software.Special attention should be paid to the elements of costs, which include costs of:a) delivery — cost of goods, transport costs, cost of processing and handling;b) content insurance, rent, operating costs, taxes;C) deficits — loss of income from decreasing supplies and from a reduction in the number of consumers;d) distribution — the loss of material aging, deterioration of goods etc.; d) management — costs accounting, planning and analysis.Point economic order is at the point of equal costs of purchase and storage. For the road details of the cost of purchase is negligible, and the main burden falls on the associated storage costs. Costs can be minimized, if items are low cost to order large quantities through long time intervals and expensive to enjoy often, but in small batches.The smallest number of parts in one package is 4 PCs. If the time of placing the order satisfy the company, this number must be ordered within the prescribed time of application.The main objective of inventory control is minimization of various kinds of costs associated with the acquisition of, storage of inventory. To achieve this goal are:— optimum size of the order for replenishment of stocks;— placing an order for replenishment.

19 Basic methods and techniques of formation of economic strategy. Methods of management methods of influence on object of management for achievement of its objectives. But the same goal can be achieved by different methods, or several goals can be achieved using any method. It also allows you to manage production and marketing activities, to build it in accordance with the requirements of the market. The main goal of organization is profit. Work should be structured and should not be governed by the principles of the management activities, in accordance with which methods are developed to achieve goals. Control methods are divided into administrative, organizational, legal, economic and socio-psychological.Economic method. The method is based on a material interest of workers and allows to activate them. The firm receives additional profits by reducing costs, of which payments of premiums to employees. For the greater interest of employees cash payments (wages, bonuses) tied to the profits or results thereof.

20 Basic methods of forecasting in the system of strategic management. Forecasting is a method of foreseeing possible future developments. Prediction is a factor of planning, which is: long-term (more than 5 years; sometimes up to 15-20 years), medium term (from one year up to 5 years), short-term (usually a year). Its accuracy is only probabilistic. Types of forecasts: economic, competition, technology development, market conditions, social. Forecasting methods: — informal (visual information, written information, industrial espionage); — quantitative (extrapolation – the repetition of the past, time series, causal modeling); — qualitative methods (opinion, consumer expectations, expert evaluation).

21 Concepts and principles of formation of the production structure-Production structure of the enterprise it is a spatial form of organization of the production process, which includes composition and size of the production units of the enterprise, shape their relationship to each other, the ratio of units of power (bandwidth, equipment), number of employees, as well as accommodation units on the premises.The structure of the enterprise reflects the nature of the division of labour between the individual units and their cooperative ties in a single manufacturing process to create products. It has a significant impact on the efficiency and competitiveness of the enterprise. The composition, the size of production units, the degree of proportionality, rationality of placing on the territory of the enterprise, the stability of industrial relations affect the rhythm of production and consistency of production, determine production costs and therefore the level of net income of the company. Therefore, an efficient production structure of the enterprise must meet the following requirements:simple production structure (sufficient and limited production units); no duplicating production units; provision of promotionsthe production process on the basis of rational allocation of units on the factory site; the proportionality of the power departments, sections, throughput of the equipment; stable forms of specialization and cooperation of departments and sections; adaptability, flexibility of the production structure, that is, its ability to the operational restructuring of the business processes in line with changing market conditions. Types of production structures-there are two types of industrial structures: an Integrated production structure (multistage). In it there are all stages of the production process: procurement, manufacturing and producing.Specialized (1-2 stages) the production structure, in which no one or two stages. The production process for the missing stages is provided in the form of cooperative deliveries with other companies.The elements of the production structure.The primary element of the production structure is laboceano — autocast production of workshop area, equipped with basic equipment and auxiliary devices, objects of labor, served by one or more workers. In the workplace, performed part of the production process, it can be fixed several item operations. Types of jobs:simple work place (one piece of equipment, one worker);multiple machine workstation — one worker serves several types of equipment (typically operating in automatic mode);integrated workstation (typical for continuous production processes) — single Assembly, or installation operated by a team of workers.Depending on the consolidation of work space of the production area, allocate stationary and mobile workplaces. Moving jobs belong to such categories of workers as technicians, repairmen, transport workers.The production area they are allocated.The level of specialization of jobs подразделяютсянаспециализированные (at the workplace stipulates the implementation of the three–item five-operations) and universal (fixing item-transactions or missing or their number is large enough — more than 20).A combination of jobs that are running technologically homogeneous operation or various operations to manufacture one or two types of products is in production.The plots are created on two principles:1. Technology. Section consists of similar equipment (group of turning machines, the group of milling, drilling machines), workers on the site performing a specific type of operation. Securing jobs for the manufacture of certain products missing. This type of plots is typical for small batch and individual types of production organization.2. Subject closed. On this site uses different types of equipment, which is located in the course of the process. Jobs specializiruetsya in the manufacture of a particular product (parts). On the site workers of different specialties. A variation of this type of sites are production lines. This type of plots is typical for large-scale and mass production, his work is more effective compared to a plot created by the technological principle.

22 Operating system Design Design operating system includes the following main stages: design of products (services); design of manufacturing processes;determining production capacity; determining the location of production facilities;designing of enterprises;development of industrial operations. The design of products aimed at meeting the needs of clients. In the analysis of specific customer requirements to the product developer considers the relative importance of the following criteria of the product design: cost; quality; versatility; lifetime, reliability, efficiency and safety of operation, maintenance requirements, its simplicity; the elements of luxury; Design of manufacturing processes.After completing the design determine the stages of the production process. To do this, analyze the relative importance of the following design criteria of the production process: the production capacity; economic efficiency; flexibility; performance; reliability; maintainability; standardization and consistency of results; occupational safety, industrial sanitation and hygiene; life satisfaction of workers.industrial safety; environmental protection; Life cycle of a process.The production process of the product passes through certain stages (life cycle process) that are interconnected with the life cycle of the product. The location of the enterprise When deciding on the location of enterprises usually go from General to specific and distinguish two levels of decisions: At the macro level (continent, country, region, city);at the micro level (site or building).The design of the enterprise.The next step after determining the capacity and location of the enterprise in creating the operating system will be the design of the enterprise itself. This task is to determine the enterprise configuration, i.e. the size and shape of the structure and location of manufacturing resources inside it.The design process consists of several stages. 1. The collection of baseline data.The designer needs to have detailed information: layout diagram of the manufacturing process that are placed on company; set performance and range of products; the data on the platform (size, configuration) and all existing on-site buildings (floor plans, tall ceilings, floor load capacity); building codes and other regulations pertaining to safety, health, environmental protection.2. Determining the number and types of manufacturing resources required to achieve the specified performance.

23 Production of intelligent products. An INTELLIGENT product is a PRODUCT created by intellectual labour. Products mental, intellectual work takes many forms: thought (idea), information, new technology, discoveries, inventions, algorithms, computer programs, know-how in various sectors, works of art, literature, etc. the Process of intellectualization of social labor (the increase in the share of people employed in intellectual work, the increasing importance of intellectual work in all spheres of society) that has accelerated since the mid XX century. in connection with the deployment of scientific and technological revolution, the effect was a sharp increase in the variety of intellectual products, the expansion of spheres of their application. As a result of merging science with production there is a formation of high-tech industry, the transition from industrial to post-industrial technological mode of production, the emergence of the information society etc. In a market economy the products of intellectual labor become commodities, and as commodities have use-value. Protection of the rights of the owners of the products of intellectual labor performed by the Institute for intellectual property system the rights regulating relations on creation, exchange and use of products of intellectual labor: the rules of civil criminal law on the suppression of unfair competition (trade secrets (know-how), objects constituting a trade secret).

24 Trade how the operating system Actions that ensure the production of goods and services supplied by the external environment, called by the operating function. The concept of production function is narrower than the operating, and mainly involves the production and processing of raw materials. Production system – focused process through which the transformation of individual elements of the system into useful products. A complete system of production of the organization the system consists of three subsystems. 1. The processing subsystem carries out activities directly associated with transforming inputs into products (services) supplied to the external environment. 2. The subsystem is not directly related to the production of goods (provision of services) to the external environment, but performs the necessary function of providing a processing subsystem. The subsystem also converts inputs into products (services), which are used in the processing subsystem. Function is considered part of the subsystem software in one organization can be part of a processing subsystem to another. 3. The subsystem of planning and control receives information from the following sources: from the processing subsystem on the system state and unfinished production; from the internal environment of the organization about the goals, strategies, policies, etc.; external environment – the demand for products, cost of resources, development trends, technology, regulations, etc. The subsystem of planning and control processes all this information and issues a decision, how it should work processing subsystem and the subsystem. Classification of operating systems is carried out according to the following criteria: nature of products (goods, services, products, and services);processing systems: design production system (unique products or services), small-scale production system, mass production, continuous process. Efficiency of operations is measured as the ratio of the market value of the produced goods (rendered services) to the total amount of expenditures spent on inputs. The market value of the produced goods (services) is defined as the number of them, and a number of other factors, such as the compliance of the assortment of products (services) the existing they demand; quality of products (services); the timeliness of production and delivery; flexibility of the operating system while meeting the individual requirements of the consumers, etc.

25 Placement of the company - the Production structure of enterprises are very diverse. However, it is possible to allocate the following factors influencing the nature and characteristics of a particular structure.Is determined by the character of the production process, and design features, the purpose of products. This factor primarily influences the composition of the main shops of the enterprise, which will vary greatly in different industries. So, single-stage production structure is typical for the extractive industries, multi-stage — manufacturing industries.For example, in metallurgical industry the main production workshops include: blast furnace, open hearth or BOF, rolling mill. In mechanical engineering, foundry, forging, machining, and Assembly workshops. For the textile industry: spinning, weaving, dyeing and finishing shops.Auxiliary the workshops will (with certain characteristics) are identical in all branches, so a branch of the enterprise on their composition and the characteristics of the organization almost no effect. The analytical production process, when one kind of raw material produced several types of finished products, enterprises can have one or two of procuring Department and the several producing departments. In this case, actual is a problem of the marketing of diverse products. This structure is typical for enterprises of chemical, metallurgical, light and food industries.Using enterprise synthetic production process on the contrary involves the creation of several procurement workshops and the limited number of graduate departments. This type of industrial structure is typical for machine-building plants, furniture plants. For example, in an automotive plant, there are foundries, forging shops and production lines for Assembly of several models. For the production structure of these enterprises is very urgent becomes the problem of the organization of logistics and delivery of large range of material resources, semi-finished products purchased.Direct production process used at the enterprises of the extractive industries: mines, mines, quarries. In their production structure can be one or two of procuring Department (mining, enrichment) and one producing a small processing of raw materials and shipment to customers.Requirements for product quality have a significant impact on the nature of the production structure. For example, in the production of high-tech precision engineering (electronics, electrical, machine tools, aviation industry) in the production structure of a significant proportion of employees of workers of the occupied units, serving the pre-production stage: scientific and technical centers, laboratories, pilot plants, testing station, unit installation, commissioning and service maintenance of its products among consumers. Communication in these enterprises is quite complex. To their production structure, the high demands of flexibility, adaptability. This is due primarily with a high rate of renewal of products and the constant development of its new kinds. Business size has a significant impact on the composition and size of production units. The larger the enterprise, the more complex and costly its production structure, the composition of its diverse elements, plots, shops, industrial units.

26 System fixed quantity System fixed-time - to Adjust the size of the order can change the amount of sets, interval between deliveries or change the amount and interval of supply. Depending on this, in the practice of inventory management the following systems are used:1. System of control over a condition of stocks with the fixed periodicity of the order. Under this system, inspection of stocks is carried out through equal intervals of time (week, decade, month) using the inventory balances. For example, every Tuesday the Manager of the firm views the stock and is ordering the delivery of a new batch of goods.Thus, the time interval between orders remains constant and the order size varies depending on the intensity of consumption, i.e., is variable.T - fixed time interval between the deliveries of the goods.The size of ordered batch of goods is determined by the difference provided the norm of the maximum commodity stock and actual stock. Since order execution takes a certain period of time, the amount of order in the party increases the size of the expected consumption during this period (safety stock). The size of the party ordered (R) is determined according to the following formula:R = Tmax-zfact + SSTR where Zmax - maximum reserve provided by the norm; Sfact -actual stock at the time of inspection: SSTR - safety stock.Thus, the system of control over a condition of stocks with the fixed periodicity of the order applies in the following cases:• the terms of delivery allow orders to different largest parties;• the costs of placing order and delivery is relatively small;• losses from the possible deficit is insignificant.System with fixed time interval between orders is a model of inventory management in which the main factor is the determination of the time interval between the orders with consideration of optimal size of the order. The optimal order size minimizes total cost of inventory and the repetition of the order.

27 improving the efficiency management equipment in the enterprise. The efficiency of the equipment is influenced by such factors: presence of old equipment to be replaced new; poor and overdue modernization of the existing equipment; exceeding standard stocks of uninstalled equipment; insufficient use of the equipment in time; reduced equipment performance; downtime due to poor organization of production; imperfect organization of repair and maintenance.In the process of performing analysis of the level of equipment you need to pay special attention to the selection of analytical indicators. Thus, the utilization of all available equipment is characterized by the ratio of the installed equipment to cash.The degree of use of the installed equipment is characterized by a specific weight of operating equipment in the context of the entire set.The performance of existing equipment depends on the intensive and extensive factors. The hourly productivity of the equipment depends on technical and organizational level of production: availability of marriage and deviations from technological process, structure of time, the level of organization of production and labour.The ratio of heavy load equipment is calculated as the ratio of the actual average production to a planned development.The factor of extensiveness of the equipment load is determined by the ratio of the actual time worked to planned. In the production use of the equipment is exposed to physical and moral wear and tear, so necessary to its reparation, which may be by replacement or repair.The definition of rational service life of the equipment must be implemented taking into account technical and economic factors, reflecting the physical and moral deterioration. Optimal equipment service life is the period during which the unit cost of production using this equipment will be minimal. These expenses include the costs of purchase and installation of equipment, operating costs and expenses for all types of repair and maintenance.To choose the best options to compensate the wear of the equipment necessary to correctly assess the level of repair costs, depending on the organization of repair and maintenance

28 Modern "high" technology in the industry. High technology is a very complex technology, often incorporating electronics and robotics used in manufacturing and other processes. In contrast to the "low tech"— a simple techniques used for centuries, limited to the production of necessities.The transition to the use of high technology and corresponding technology is an essential part of scientific-technical revolution(str) at the present stage. High technology usually include the most high-tech industries.It is also possible the assignment of technologies classified as "high" depending on the measure of non-participation in them of a person, the less human involvement in the process, the higher the technology. High technologies are not only industrial technology, but also social technology, such as news, technology, teamwork and training. In this regard, we can talk about high-social technologies. The concept of "high technology" (high technologies) is usually synonymous with "high technology". The main characteristics of high-tech industries are knowledge-intensity of products and newcottage. The category of high-tech considered such products, the manufacture of which the share of expenditure on research and development in total costs or sales volume is not less than 3.5 to 4.5 %. Newcottage is the ratio of sales of high-tech products to R & d expenditure over a certain period of time (usually a year). The criterion of efficiency of newcottage is the relative increase in sales of new (from the point of view of another, qualitatively different from previous generation products) high-tech products with high consumer properties in comparison with the growth of the entire high-tech market (including legacy products, developed earlier, but is still sold in the market) [Bendikov, 2001; Dynkin, 2004].

29 ISO Standards of 9000 series. ISO 9000 — series of international standards describing requirements to the quality management system organizations and enterprises.The ISO 9000 family of standards developed by Technical Committee 176 (TC 176) of the International organization for standardization. The standards are based on ideas and the theory of total quality management (TQM).It is considered that when developing the first version of ISO 9000 TC 176 was guided by the British standard BS 5750, developed by the British standards Institute (BSI). In turn, it is believed that the British standard was based on industry standards MIC.the first version was prepared in 1987;the second version was released in 1994 and was a revised version of 1987.the third version was developed in 2000 by a radical revision in 1994;the fourth version of the standard was published in separate "silos" in 2005 was released the standard ISO 9000:2005, 2008 and 2009 — ISO 9001 and 9004. Despite the expected full review: 2000, TC 176 decided to take only "cosmetic" changes — correction of inaccuracies and discrepancies.The reason for not significant changes and delays in the release of the new version was named the desire to extend the validity period of existing certificates to organizations (that is, to maintain the status quo in the certification business).the fifth version of ISO 9001 was released 23.09.2015 in conjunction with ISO 9000.The purpose of the series of standards ISO 9000 — stable operation of the documented system of quality management of the products of the supplier. The original focus of ISO 9000 standards was precisely to relations between companies in the form of a customer/supplier. With the adoption in 2000 of the third edition of ISO 9000 standards and more attention has been paid to ability of the organization to meet the demands of all stakeholders: owners, employees, society, customers, suppliers. ISO 9004 focuses on achieving sustainable success. These standards help companies to formalise their management systems by introducing such backbone concepts as an internal audit, process approach, corrective and preventive actions.ISO 9000 is a fundamental, adopted the terminology and definitions used in ISO 9000 series standards. This standard lays the Foundation for understanding the key elements of the quality management system of production according to ISO 9000 standards. ISO 9000 define the 8 principles of quality management, and the use of process approach for continual improvement[3]the process of creating the products included in the chain "supplier — organization — consumer" and the figure shown as "output". Only these processes add value, because they create what is established in the contract with the consumer, the rest — auxiliary supporting processes.

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