Questionnaire

СПИСОК УСЛОВНЫХ ОБОЗНАЧЕНИЙ И СОКРАЩЕНИЙ

■ AC system (air conditioning system) — система кондиционирования воздуха;

■ A.D. — Anno Domini (лат.) — новой эры, нашей эры;

■ ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Condi­tioning Engineers) — Американское общество инженеров по отоплению, холодильной технике и кондиционированию воздуха;

■ ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) — Американское общество испытаний и материалов;

■ B.C. (Before Christ) — до нашей эры;

■ BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) — окисляемость, биохимическая потребность в кислороде (БПК);

■ Btu (British thermal unit) — Британская тепловая единица (БТЕ) — 0,252ккал);

■ С° (Centigrade) — по шкале Цельсия, стоградусный;

■ CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) -— хлорфторуглерод, фреон;

■ COD (chemical oxygen demand) — химическая потребность в кисло­роде (ХПК);

■ e.g. (exempli gratia (лат.) — for example — например;

■ ctc. (et cetera (лат.) — и так далее;

■ F° (Fahrenheit) — по шкале Фаренгейта (0°C=32°F);

■ Fig. (figure) — рисунок, чертеж;

■ ft. (foot) — фут, мера длины (30,48см);

■ GHS (greenhouse gases) — парниковые газы;

■ HIPS (hybrid inorganic polymer system) — гибридная неорганическая полимерная смесь;

■ HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air conditioning) — отопление, венти­ляция и кондиционирование воздуха (ОВКВ);

■ HVACR (heating, ventilating, air conditioning, and refrigeration) — отопление, вентиляция, кондиционирование и охлаждение воздуха (ОВКОВ);

■ IAQ (indoor air quality) — качество воздуха внутри помещения;

■ ICI (institutional, commercial, industrial wastewater) — сточные воды промышленных, коммерческих, общественных предприятий;

■ i.e. (id est (лат.) — that is — то есть;

■ IHL (International Humanitarian Law) — международное гуманитар­ное право;

■ in. (inch) — дюйм, мера длины (2,54см);

■ km/h (kilometres per hour) — километры в час;

■ kW (kilowatt) — киловатт (кВт);

■ kWh (kilowatt-hour) — киловатт-час (кВт/ч);

■ lb. (libra (лат.) — фунт (327,45г);

■ psi. (pounds per square inch) — фунты на квадратный дюйм;

■ Р.Т.О. (please, turn over) — см. на обороте;

■ SS (suspended solids) — взвешенные твёрдые частицы;

■ ТОС (total organic carbon) — общий органический углерод;

• TOD (total oxygen demand) — общая потребность в кислороде (ОПК);

■ UV (ultraviolet) — ультрафиолетовое излучение;

v.v. (vice versa) — наоборот, обратно, противоположно;

■ viz (videlicet (лат.) — а именно, то есть;

■ vs. (versus (лат.) против, относительно;

■ WTPD (World Town Planning Day) — Всемирный день городского планирования.

Приложение 2

Раздел I: URBAN (TOWN) PLANNING

1. What is urban planning used for?

2. How do you understand the notion 'urban renewal'?

3. Why should be a town planning scheme based on a large-scale survey?

4. How is, the information obtained from the surveys summarized?

5. What can make up the individuality of a town from an architect's point of view?

6. The closest attention should be focused on traffic facilities, shouldn't it? Why?

7. What can traffic do within urbanized areas unless properly managed?

8. Why is zoning so important in town planning?

9. What does successful urban planning consider?

10. How can urban planning 'take its cues' from nature?

11. How do you understand the notion 'sustainability' as regards town plan­ning?

12. When was the Town-planning Code of the Russian Federation passed?

13. Where and when did the concept of the garden city arise?

14. How did the modernist city solve the problem of disorder, congestion and small scale?

15. Why did many cities subsidize housing blocks throughout the late 1940s and 1950s?

16. What is the most prominent example of an entire modernist city?

17. The initial plan of a city is quite necessary, isn't it? Why?

18. How do you understand the notion 'organic settlement'?

19. When did architectural and landscape complexes appear?

20. When did town planning appear as profession?

21. What key urban needs are to be considered in town planning?

22. When is World Town Planning Day celebrated?

23. When was the international organization for WTPD founded?

24. How can WTPD advance public and professional interest in planning?

Раздел II: BUILDINGS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

1. What is a building?

2. How do buildings serve needs of society?

3. When was the first shelter for a human built?

4. How did the most ancient homes on the territory of Russia look like?

5. Who are considered to be the first builders known to mankind?

6. Buildings have been adapted throughout history for a wide number of fac­tors, haven't they?

7. Why did buildings become higher?

8. Give definition of a multi-storey building.

9. What is a 'structural height' in technical usage?

10. What buildings are called Mow-rise' ones?

11. How do you understand the notion 'internal infrastructure of a building'?

12. What are conveying systems to transport people in large buildings pre­sented by?

13. What is the main objective of modern construction practice?

14. What is a 'real estate development'?. 15. Mow do industrialization and advancement in technology influence build­ing types?

16. How can creative imagination help to form the beauty and grandeur of cities?

17. What main types of buildings do you know?

18. What is land use?

19. What three types of construction projects do you know?

20. What main factor creates the need for design professionals?

21. Explain the sentence "A construction project is a complex net of con­tracts."

22. What professionals may the project team include?

23. What must all buildings comply with?

24. Who are 'developers'?

Раздел III: CONSTRUCTION SITE

1. How does human habitat expansion relate to construction?

2. What exact steps should be undertaken before any construction begins?

3. What methods of establishing a site for construction do you know?

4. What is the primary reason for choosing a site location?

5. What professionals practice site planning?

6. Why is a program development of the site required for the project imple­mentation?

7. How can you explain the notion 'a site'? Give definition.

8. What does a site analysis help to understand? 9. What is a site inventory?

10. What components go into a site analysis?

11. What legal information can be obtained from the deed to the property?

12. How is the site inventory completed?

13. What is a site analysis to form?

14. What does synthesis, based on a land use plan, evolve from?

15. What must be done to all design details to obtain the best possible site design?

16. Why should be site investigation made concurrent with the formulation of program objectives?

17. What should sustainable design consider?

18. What is the designer's challenge in creating a site design?

19. What stage of the design process does site planning refer to?

20. What does this stage involve?

21. What does a program of the site deal with?

22. What is program development based on?

23. Why is this program a constant process of refinement?

24. What do precedence relations between activities signify?

25. What natural sequences exist for construction activities?

26. What does the choice of appropriate technology involve?

27. What is the civil/site engineer responsible for?

28. What activities does site preparation involve?

29. What can be ground contaminated with?

30. What recyclable materials do you know?

31. How do you understand the notion 'prescribed topography'?

32. How does importing-exporting soil add to cost of a project?

33. Why is it necessary to ensure a level base on the site?

34. Of what quality, you think, should soil be to erect an object on?

35. What determines location and utilization of all site elements?

36. What helps to meet established deadlines?

37. What requirements must be followed in oil, fuel, and chemicals storing?

38. What are bunds used for?

39. What are the rules of setting up generators at a site?

40. How must the plant storage and refueling areas be established?

41. Why is it vital to have an up-to-date drainage plan of the site?

42. Who is legally responsible for storing and transporting waste materials?

43. How can be a standard site clearance achieved?

44. What are initial points of any construction planning?

45. Why is the construction plan development a critical task in the manage­ment of construction?

46. How does development of construction plan differ from its formation?

47. What essential elements are to be considered to form a good construction plan?

48. Who has to imagine the construction object as given in the plans and de­tailed descriptions?

49. What consequent phases does any construction project go into?

50. What makes construction management an art?

51. Why is construction the most dangerous land-based work?

52. What are leading safety hazards and risks on site?

53. What should be done to minimize hazards and risks on site?

Раздел IV: BUILDING MATERIALS

1. What are building materials?

2. What main categories of building materials do you know?

3. Where are synthetic building materials made?

4. What building materials are used for?

5. Choice of building materials is almost unlimited, isn't it?

6. What factors determine the choice of materials?

7. What building material is the predominant one in this modern age?

8. What is concrete composed of?

9. What main concrete extensions do you know?

10. What's the composition of cement?

11. How is cement used in building industry?

12. What is aggregate?

13. What types of aggregate do you know?

14. What are chemical admixtures in production of concrete used for?

15. What main types of concrete do you know?

16. How can be the process of hydration described?

17. Why is it necessary to reinforce concrete with other materials?

18. How is air entrained into concrete structure eliminated?

19. Why is it preferable to use mass concrete structures in heavy construction?

20. What are advantages of ready concrete delivery to the site?

21. What purpose is prestressed concrete used for?

22. What are physical properties of concrete?

23. What is cement?

24. What are aggregates used for?

25. Where are aggregates taken from?

26. What was the composition of ancient Roman concrete?

27. Mow did the Romans use concrete?

28. Why did many ancient Roman structures survive to the present day?

29. Who made the first modern concrete? When?

30. Who invented the first true artificial cement? When?

31. How is metal used in construction?

32. What metal is the usual choice for metal structural building material?

33. What are standard commonly used structural steels?

34. What are physical properties of steel used in construction?

35. What should be done to prevent structural steel from weakening in the event of fire?

36. What are the main advantages of steel structures use?

37. What are the physical properties of glass and how is it obtained?

38. Where is glass used?

39. What are physical properties of plastics?

40. Where are plastics used?

41. What structure do foams have?

42. Where are foams used?

43. What are paints and how are they used?

44. What are pigments incorporated into the paint for?

45. Why are fillers used?

46. Why is it necessary to use a binder in paint composition?

47. What are paint application techniques?

48. What are bricks composed of?

49. What processes of brick formation do you know?

50. Which of the production methods is the most economical?

51. How are extruded bricks made?

52. How is calcium silicate bricks processed?

53. What does the colour of the bricks depend on?

54. How can be bricks classified due to the perforations produced?

55. What is a major world topic considering availability and sustainability of construction materials?

Раздел V: ENERGY AND ITS SOURCES

1. What do we need energy for?

2. What are major types of fossil fuels?

3. What process do fossil fuels require to produce energy?

4. Why is uranium one of the most perspective sources of energy?

5. What renewable sources of energy do you know?

6. What sources of energy (both renewable and non-renewable) do you know? Give definition of the word 'renewable'.

7. Why does humanity need to look for alternative energy sources?

8. Why do people oppose nuclear energy use? Do you agree with these rea­sons?

9. Mow does a nuclear power plant work?

10. What are the main disadvantages of nuclear power production?

11. What are the main characteristics of modern alternative energy types?

12. What alternative sources of energy do you know?

Раздел VI: THE BUILDING INFRASTRUCTURE

1. Why should be a huge amount of installations made within buildings?

2. What equipment should be installed in modern buildings?

3. What do communication systems serve to?

4. What makes our dwellings comfortable for living?

5. What is air conditioning?

6. Why is it necessary to install air conditioning systems in different building types?

7. How does type of building affect choice of air conditioning?

8. What cycle do most air conditioning systems utilize?

9. When was the first refrigeration system invented?

10. When appeared the first viable commercial refrigeration system?

11. What are the main components of any compression refrigeration system?

12. What are less common methods to cool buildings?

13. What is condenser used for?

14. What types of cooling mediums are there?

15. What purpose does refrigerant serve to within the system?

16. What is a heat exchanger?

17. How does air conditioner work?

18. What do we call 'direct expansion system'?

19. What types of refrigerants do you know?

20. How does toxicity influence the type of refrigerant identification?

21. What for are split systems used within buildings?

22. How does the system work?

23. Where and when is the use of split systems preferable?

24. Why should be all the trunks and ducts well insulated?

25. How is constant temperature maintained within a building?

26. What factors does the required amount of heat depend on?

27. What are the causes of the main heat losses?

28. What should be taken into consideration as regards heat losses before a building construction?

29. Who and when created the first ice-making machine?

30. When was the first 'ancestor' to modern air conditioner made?

31. When appeared the first window air conditioners?

32. What is HVAC?

33. What influenced the development of HVAC?

34. What is known as air distribution?

35. What is the aim of HVAC systems in general?

36. What IAQ problems do you know?

Раздел VII: SEWAGE TREATMENT AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

1. What does sewage consist of?
2. Why should be sewage removed promptly?
3. What are the dangers to sewage systems due to seasonality?
4. Why should be storm water treated before discharging it into waterways?
5. What is used for storm water treatment?
6. When does backing-up of raw sewage take place?
7. How do you understand the notion 'grey' and 'black' water?
   

1. What main water concerns do large cities have?
2. How much supplied public water is estimated to be potable?
3. How much household water is used per bath, shower, and toilet?
4. How much available fresh water do we have on the planet?
5. How many stages does conventional sewage treatment have?
6. What do you know about pretreatment?
7. What is primary treatment?
8. What does the secondary treatment require prior to discharge?
9. Which process is known as effluent polishing?
10. When is tertiary treatment used?
11. What is the wastewater treatment goal?
12. Where does treated wastewater go after treatment?
13. How does municipal wastewater impact received environment?
14. What defines selection of effective treatment technologies?
15. Why is it important to forbid uncontrolled wastewater discharges?
16. What physical parameters of water condition do you know?
17. What do chemical parameters include?
18. What classes of water purity do you know?
19. How did human settlements discharge their wastewater in the past?
20. Can you tell about Indus sewage systems?
21. Where are the first sanitation systems found?
22. What can you tell about Rome and Istanbul ancient sewer systems?
23. How did the Romans build their sewage systems?
24. What can you tell about sewage systems in Old England?
25. Where can be treated effluents used?
26. What is reclaimed water ideal for?
27. Where else is reclaimed water widely used?
28. How can ground water recharge lessen water table decline?
29. Why is direct potable use of reclaimed wastewater limited?
30. What wastewater contaminants do you know?

Раздел VIII: FIRE RESISTANCE

1. What main aspects of fire resistance do you know?

2. How are buildings classified according to fire resistance requirements?

3. What is known as Tire load' of the building?

4. What are devices and apparatus for prompt fire extinguishment to account?

5. How are combustible materials classified?

6. What does the word 'to ignite' mean?

7. What is fire resistance rating determined by?

8. How do you understand 'calculation' as regards fire resistance rating?

9. What does 'listing service' concern?

10. What does testing cover?

11. What is the fire resistance rating governed by?

12. What does fire testing evaluate?

13. What is 'equivalent solid thickness' as concerning fire resistance?

14. What is actual thickness?

15. Can you explain the notion 'solid grouted unit'?

16. What does the notion 'required web dimensions' cover?

17. What do the fire resistance requirements and building codes ensure?

18. What key principle is there in the case of fire?

19. How can be fire resistance analyzed and predicted?

20. How is basic data provided as regards fire resistance?

21. What must each formula of calculating fire resistance involve?

22. Why testing is not feasible sometimes?

23. How can be improved fire resistance obtained in hollow steel columns?

24. What means can provide extra fire resistance of bearing elements?

25. What is the time limit of fire resistance for the high-strength columns?

26. How can be a substantial increase in load-bearing capacity and fire resis­tance of hollow steel columns achieved?

27. What do you know about marvelous HIPS?

28. Where were HIPS developed?

29. What do polymer additives in HIPS improve?

Раздел IX: HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING

1. What is a dam used for?

2. What is the most economical arrangement to fill the gap in the natural re­servoir line?

3. Why are harbours, canals, and dams among the oldest engineering achievements of early civilizations?

4. How can be catastrophes of hydroengineering objects avoided?

5. What contemporary techniques are used to divert rivers?

6. What is a cofferdam?

7. What are the most impressive hydraulic engineering achievements?

8. What is a large reservoir formed by the dam intended for?

9. What does a hydropower development on the river include?

10. Why are gates built on a dam?

11. What are the most popular dams' types?

12. What considerations should be taken into account concerning dams' con­struction?

13. How do large reservoirs affect ecology of the region?

14. How does hydroengineering construction impact human society?

15. Why do hydroelectric object site tend to be far from population centres?

16. What affects hydroelectric generation?

17. Why do people construct hydroengineering objects in spite of all their complexity?

18. When are dam failures catastrophic?

19. What should be done to anticipate dam problems?

20. How can be dams' deformation eliminated?

21. Why is dam considered to be 'an installation containing dangerous forces'?

22. What are the main dam failure causes?

23. What does a word 'dam' originate with?

24. Which dam is the earliest one?

25. What main purpose were the first Roman dams used for?

26. What evidences of high-standard hydroengineering construction in Ro­man Empire do you know?

27. When was the era of mega-dams initiated?

Рекомендуемое распределение часов на работу с разделами:

I: 12+2+2 (16) V: 8+2+2(12)

И: 12+2+2(16) VI: 12+2+2(16)

III: 16+2+2(20) VII: 10+2+2(14)

IV: 14+2+2(18) VIII: 10+2+2 (14)

IX: 10+2+2(14) Примечание: 2 ч. — контроль; 2 ч. — презентация.

[4] The Suez........... was originally opened in 1869, closed in 1967

because of warfare in the area, and reopened in 1975.

• One of the most important................. — building projects of recent

times was the St. Lawrence Seaway constructed jointly by the USA and Canada.

• A.......... is an artificial............. for water used for irrigation and na­vigation.

• Most of the rivers and ports of Europe are connected by a net- |

work of intricate............. to carry a large proportion of the commerce of |

this highly industrialized region.

• The Hoover Dam supplies water to city of Los Angeles, with

which it is connected by a series of........................., tunnels, and aqueducts

across deserts and mountains of the southwest United States.

Дата добавления: 2014-12-29