Exercise 2. Read the text. Exercise 1. Learn the following words and word-combinations

Exercise 1. Learn the following words and word-combinations.

Text C The Age of Steam

Exercise 3. Answer the questions.

1. What is Paul Hodge from New York famous for?

2. Why did volunteer firefighters reject Hodge’s steamer?

3. What is John Ericsson from Sweden famous for?

4. Why was it hard for the first steamers to enter the fire fighting scene?

5. How did firefighters get heavy steamers to fires?

6. What made engineers improve ladders?

7. How long were the first extension ladders?

8. What were the duties of early ladder companies?

9. By what time had the first aerial ladder been perfected?

10. How were the first aerial ladders raised?

11. What was the procedure of raising ladders manually succeeded by?

12. Why were (and still are) aerial ladders thought to be the number 1 lifesaving piece of fire equipment?

13. What was the first chemical apparatus like?

14. What did the first chemical apparatus carry?

15. Where was the chemical apparatus used in its initial phase?

Exercise 4. Translate into English, use the Passive Voice:

1. Первый паровой насос был сделан в 1819 году в Англии.

2. Самоходный насос был сконструирован в Нью-Йорке.

3. Пожарный насос был отвергнут пожарными-добровольцами.

4. Первые паровые насосы тянули вручную.

5. Использовали лошадей для доставки паровых насосов к месту пожара.

6. Спустя некоторое время лестницы были усовершенствованы.

7. Обязанности пожарных были разнообразными.

8. Тяжелые и длинные лестницы несли несколько пожарных.

9. Автомеханическую лестницу устанавливали при помощи рукояток.

10. Эти рукава стали применяться для тушения пожара в начальной фазе.

backbone – зд. основа

breakdown – поломка, неисправ-ность

demand – требовать

failure – неудача, провал

gasoline-powered – с приводом от бензинового двигателя

gear – передаточный механизм; привод

reliable – надёжный

shift – смена, чередование; способ, средство

tire out – изматывать, истощать

transfer – передавать; переносить

transition – переход (от чего-либо)

At the beginning of the 20^th century came the third biggest change in the fire department – the gasoline-powered engine. Like the change from hand-operated engines to steam, the transition was gradual and hard because the steamer had finally become the backbone of fire fighting; firefighters and the public had become attached to their fine horses.

The advantages of the motor-driven apparatus were recognized especially when a long-distance fire run was made – a run that would soon tire out horses. However, engineers at first were unsuccessful in making a reliable piece of equipment with a shift that would transfer the gasoline engine’s power from road gear to pump gear. Failures and breakdowns were frequent enough that the fire chief still demanded steam.

Engineering continued to improve and soon the manufactures developed reliable and powerful pumps that were driven by the same motor that propelled the vehicle.

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