Minimize — минимизировать, сводить к минимуму

Minimum — минимум, minimal — минимальный,

Microscope — микроскоп, microscopic — микроскопический

Префиксы micro-, mini- (микро-, мини-)

computer, chip, electronics, fiche, film, phone, processor,

wave, organism;

computer, screen, tour, bus, skirt, -sized.

Упражнение 11. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова.

computer, supercomputer ['sj u: pekem'pj u: te], general

['с15епэгэ1], millions, electron, electronics, electronic instrument,

electronically controlled machines [me'Ji'.nz], airplane,

globe ['gleub], millimeter, center, operation, components

[kem'peunents], materials [me'tierielz], laboratory [Is'boreteri],

modern, seconds, physical ['fizikal], limit, specialists

['spejialists], photons ['feutonz].

Упражнение 12. Прочитайте и запомните произношение слов.

race [reis], usage ['juizicfe], device [diVais], circle ['S9:kl],

world [wa:ld], circuit ['S9:kit], undoubtedly [An'dautidli], require

[ri'kwaie], quality ['kwoliti], quantity ['kwontiti], purity

['pjueriti], produce [pre'djuis], throughout [Gru'aut], reliable

[ri1ai9bl], whole [haul], perform [p9'fo:m], simultaneously

[,sim9rteinj9sli], basic ['beisik], available [9Veil9bl], research

[ri's9:f], expect [iks'pekt].

СЛОВА И СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ ДЛЯ ЗАПОМИНАНИЯ

according to adv — согласно, generation n — поколение

соответственно go on v — продолжать (ся)

available a — доступный, machine-tool n — станок

имеющийся в распоряжении matter п •— дело, вопрос

beam п — луч ordinary — обыкновенный

built-in p.p. — встроенный perform v — выполнять,

by means of prp — посредством, делать, исполнять

при помощи quality п — качество

calculation п — вычисление reliable а — надежный

capable a — способный require v — требовать(ся)

circuit n — схема, цепь speed n — скорость

close a — близкий, тесный surround v — окружать

complete v — завершать task n — задание, задача

control — управлять, контро- up to prp — вплоть до

лировать usage n — использование

depend on v — зависеть от whereas conj — тогда как,

fast a — быстрый в то время как

Техт 5А

Прочитайте текст и прокомментируйте его заголовок. Прав ли автор, дав

такой заголовок? Найдите в тексте соответствующие факты. Переведите.

Is there an End to the Computer Race?

Today the word «electronics» is in general usage. Millions of

people have electron watches. There are a lot of various radio and

TV sets, video cassette recorders and CD players in our houses. In

factories and plants we are surrounded with electronically controlled

machines and instruments, we are carried by airplanes,

ships, trains and cars with built-in electronic devices, and satellites

circle the globe. In other words, we are living in an electronic

world.

And the center of this world is a tiny silicon plate ^ of a few

square millimetres, an integrated circuit^, or a chip^, as it is more

commonly known. The integrated circuit is undoubtedly one of the

most sophisticated"^ inventions of man, science and technology. It

is in the heart of every electronic device and the more cassette recorders,

TV sets and computers we need, the more integrated circuits

are required.

When we speak about a further development of computers we

mean not only quantity, but also high technology^ and high speed.

As the operation of an integrated circuit depends on microscopic

«components», the purity of all materials and the cleanness at the

plant they are produced at must be of the highest quality. A continuous

search is going on in laboratories throughout the world for

more perfect, reliable and high speed electronic circuits.

In the past it took^ scientists and researchers a whole lifetime to

make a few thousand calculations, whereas for a modern computer

this task is a matter of a few seconds. At present computers capable

of performing billions of operations a second are required. Supercomputers

are different from ordinary computers. The ordinary

computer does the computations operation by operation, while the

supercomputer operates like a brain: all operations are being done

simultaneously.

In the next few years engineers will complete the work on computers

of above 2 billion operations a second. It will take a few

more years to produce a 10-billion operations computer. The

fifth-generation computers performing 100 billion operations a

second will become available in the near future. Is there an end to

this race?

According to some researchers, we are close to what can be regarded

as a true physical limit. But other specialists think that photons

will make the operation a thousand times faster. This means

that in the future it will be possible to expect the appearance of

photon computers and that computations will be done by means of

light. Light has several advantages over electronics: light beams are

faster, travel in parallel lines and can pass through one another

without interference'^. Already, the optical equivalent of a transistor

has been produced, and intensive research on optical-electronic

computers is being carried out in a number of countries around the

world. In a few decades a new age of light may replace the still

youthful electronic age. The race is going on.

Notes to the Text

1. silicon plate — кремниевая пластина

2. integrated circuit — интегральная схема

3. chip — кристалл

4. sophisticated — сложный

5. high technology — передовая технология

6. it takes... (one year) — требуется

7. interference — взаимное влияние, помехи

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упражнение 13. Просмотрите текст 5А и ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is this text about? 2. What new things appeared in people's

everyday life after World War П? 3. What is at the center of all

these things? 4. What applications of computers do you know?

5.Where else (еще) may computers be used? 6. How does an ordinary

computer (a supercomputer) operate? 7. What is the speed of a

new supercomputer? 8. What is the task of engineers in the field of

computer development? 9. What types of computers do you know?

10. What are the prospects in the development of computers?

Упражнение 14. Укажите, какие из следующих утверждений соответствуют

содержанию текста 5А.

1. Nowadays an integrated circuit is the main component of

everyday device. 2. Supercomputers are in general usage now.

3. The operation of integrated circuits depends on their microscopic

component quality. 4. Some researchers think that we are

close to a physical limit in increasing computer operation speed.

5. Supercomputers are similar to ordinary computers. 6. By the beginning

of the 21st century the electronic age may replace the light

age. 7. It is possible to expect the appearance of optical-electronic

computers in the future.

Упражнение 15. Найдите в тексте 5А цепочки существительных-определений,

состоящих не менее чем из трех компонентов, выделите основное

слово и переведите.

Упражнение 16. Найдите в третьем абзаце текста 5А бессоюзное определительное

придаточное предложение и переведите его.

Упражнение 17. Укажите, чем выражено определение в предложениях.

A. 1. Yesterday we watched а very late TV programme of a football

match. 2. Y.Gagarin made the world's first space flight on

April 12, 1961. 3. It was announced that 1000 well-equipped sport

clubs could be opened in this country. 4. Our electronics and radio

electronics industry have developed from the country's only radio

laboratory in Nizny Novgorod. 5. This country has powerful energy

systems with the world's largest hydro and thermal power stations

and nuclear plants. 6. How can architects solve the problem of living

in a region where night lasts for several months and where the

temperature may be between 40 °C and 50 "C?

B. 1. The experiments carried out by Bell and Watson didn't

give any positive results for a long time. 2. D.K. Chernov laid the

foundation of the science dealing with metals. 3. In many countries

scientists interested in electricity wanted to find out whether it

could be used for a long distance communication. 4. Articles published

by Franklin in 1752 dealt with electricity. 5. Communication

satellites used by all countries make intercontinental television

transmission possible.

C. 1. Nowadays computers capable of performing billions of operations

a second are required. 2. People present at the demonstration

of Popov's invention were sure of its great future. 3. Wind and

solar energies available throughout the earth must be used for useful

purposes. 4. Russian engineers have developed the cargo airplane

«Ruslan» capable of carrying load up to 150 tons. 5. Computers

available everywhere nowadays make our life easier.

D. 1. Polzunov was the first to construct a steam engine. 2, Mendeleev

was the first to make a classification of chemical elements.

3. The thermometer is a device to measure temperature. 4. Faraday

was the first to invent a dynamo. 5. A telephone set is a device to

reproduce sounds.

E. 1. Materials new computers depend on must be of the best

quality. 2. The number of components supercomputers consist of is

great. 3. The plants computer components are produced at must be

superclean. 4. The laboratory the Curies worked in was very primitive.

5. The space laboratory the Russian cosmonauts live and work

in is in the orbit for a long time. 6. Satellites our communication

goes through are sent into space regularly. 7. The problem Bell

was interested in was not an easy one and it took several years to

solve it. 8. The problem this article deals with is connected with

the subject we study. 9. The changes and movements of the air we

are surrounded with influence our lives. 10. This is an article that

deals with some environmental problems we face.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ

Упражнение 18. Образуйте слова с префиксом super- и переведите их.

man, power, genius, hot, hard, natural, conductor.

Упражнение 19. Найдите слова с отрицательным значением.

true, unusual, important, disappearance, incapable, information,

undiscovered, capable, untrue, changing, usual, undetected,

unimportant, appearance, detected, discovered, intention, possible,

include, impossible, disadvantages, imagine, unchanging.

Упражнение 20. Определите, к каким частям речи относятся слова.

superconductivity, superconductive, quality, qualitative, qualitatively,

quantity, quantitative, quantitatively, pure, purity, manufacture.

Упражнение 21. Назовите производные от следующих слов, переведите их.

electron, operate, compute, calculate.

Упражнение 22. Расположите слова в алфавитном порядке.

Still, start, specialist, speed, speak, second, search, science, sophisticated,

surround, supercomputer, ship, simultaneously.

Упражнение 23. Назовите исходную форму слов.

factories, carried, living, more, depends, components, highest,

took, qualitatively.

Упражнение 24. Найдите в колонке В эквиваленты словосочетаниям из

колонки А.

А

1. to make faster

2. able

3. a lot of

4. at present

5. to make better

6. to be different from

7. a computer which does all

operations simultaneously

8. it takes

В

a. many

b. supercomputer

с to improve

d. capable

e. nowadays

f. to increase

g. to differ

h. it requires

Упражнение 25. Найдите антонимы.

simple, untrue, begin, sophisticated, reliable, efficient, close

to, true, complete, low, disadvantage, far from, high, unreliable,

inefficient, advantage.

Упражнение 26. Переведите выделенные слова и запомните их.

1. In the past «Engineer» meant a designer of engines. 2. The

word «a means» means «средство». 3. The meaning of «telemetry»

is «measuring at a distance» and is a combination of Greek and

Latin words. 4. By means of satellites we can communicate with

any country of the world. 5. There were no means of direct communication

before the telephone was invented. 6. By communication

we mean various ways to send information. 7. Scientists reported

that we had technical means to use more channels on a TV set.

8. The importance of space means of communication is increasing

every year. 9. By what means is speech transmitted over a distance?

10. By means of telephone people communicate with each other at

great distances. 11. The mean distance between these two objects is

not known yet.

Упражнение 27. Заполните пропуски словами/ew или л/ew.

1.... people know that the first programmer in the world was

Lord Bayron's daughter. 2. In the past astronomers spent all their

lives to make... hundred thousand calculations. 3. A calculator

makes these calculations in... seconds. 4. In the next... years a

new generation computer will be developed. 5.... people read that

the first electric light illuminated the laboratory of Vasily Petrov,

a St. Petersburg physicist, in 1862.

Упражнение 28. Обратите внимание на перевод слова which.

1. In our institute the study of theory is linked with practical

training, which is very important for future engineers. 2. Students

have industrial training at various plants, which allows them not

only to watch production processes, but also to take part in production.

3. It is now possible to find a book or an article in this library

very quickly, which is extremely important for specialists. 4. Pierre

Curie studied the properties of crystals, which led him to the discovery

of the piezoelectric phenomenon.

Упражнение 29. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание

на неопределенные местоимения.

1. There are some students in the room now. 2. Are there any

students in the classroom now? 3. Everybody knows that one can

find any book in the Lenin library, 4. There are no students in the

classroom now. 5. I was looking for the new reference book on

physics everywhere, but couldn't find it. 6.1 must have some paper,

I can't write anything. 7. This man knows something, but he does

not want to tell us. 8.1 have seen you somewhere before. 9. No one

said anything to us about it at the meeting. 10. In our institute library

I always find everything I need. 11. We could park our car nowhere.

12. They found nobody at home. 13. I have been nowhere

this summer. I had no vacation. 14. Every faculty at our institute

has a computer.

Упражнение 30. Дайте недостающие формы глаголов, запомните их.

won, rung, driven, run, fed, laid, read

Упражнение 31. Прочитайте и переведите без словаря.

Let's look at the progress the computers have made in their

development. Besides the great changes in size and speed, we

now have machines which change numbers into pictures, words

and sounds. The next big change will be when we get computers

that will understand human language. But now if you want to

programme your own computer, you must learn its language. It

does not understand yours. For example you talk with an Englishman.

You make one small grammar mistake «have» instead of

«has». The man understands what you mean and the talk goes on.

But if you make even the smallest mistake in computer language,

the talk breaks down and you must go back to the beginning.

CONVERSATION

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

1. What influences the operation of an integrated circuit? (the

quality of microscopic components it consists of) 2. What is the

function of a computer? (making a great number of calculations at

a very high speed) 3. What will be the speed of the fifth-generation

computers? (100 billion operations a second) 4. What can increase

the operation speed many times compared to the present

computers? (a photon) 5. What physical phenomenon can be used

to improve a computer's speed? (light) 6. What are the advantages

of light for computation purposes over electronics? (the capability

to move faster, in parallel lines and pass one another)

Exercise 2. Make a sentence out of the two parts.

1. Nowadays electronic devices 1. а1ф1апе8, ships, trains and cars

having built-in electronic circuits

and instruments.

2. We are surrounded 2. is being used more widely at

home and in office.

3. There are 3. without electronically controlled

machine-tools.

4. A personal computer 4. with electronics everywhere in

everyday life and at plants and

factories.

5. People are carried by 5. scientific research without

computers.

6. The modern production is 6. are in general usage,

unthinkable

7. It is impossible to imagine 7. electronic watches we wear,

telephone, radio, and TV sets we

speak, listen to and watch.

Exercise 3. Read and learn.

Computers

Mary: Have you seen an interesting advertisement (реклама) in

the last issue of «The Economist»?

John: I have not read it yet.

M.: The School of Engineering offers a new programme in information

system. Applications are invited for jobs in this field.

J.: Professor Smith has told me about it. This programme is

interesting. It is designed to meet the needs of persons

with a computing background for their work in management

and industry.

M.: Don't you think that our son can lecture on this new

programme?

J.: Why not? He graduated from the Department of Computer

Science and for some years was taking part in the research

project connected with the problems of supercomputers

and their manufacturing.

M.: As far as I remember his research interests cover software

(программное обеспечение) and appUcation.

J.: And what do they say about the contract?

M.: It is a three years' contract and it may be extended for further

two years. I'll write Mike a letter.

J.: It's too long. You'd better call him.

A.: How do you like these new electronic games?

В.: I am crazy (mad) about them. And you?

A.: Really, I don't know what you see in them.

В.: Well, I think a real computer game resembles real life as

closely as possible, doesn't it?

A.: May be you are right, but I am not sure.

В.: Oh, but I find them rather relaxing for a change and try to

spend every spare (свободное) minute playing.

Exercise 4. Speak about:

1. The application of electronics in everyday life,

2. New developments in computers.

Use exercise 1, 2 and the following words and word combinations for your topic:

to be in general usage, research is going on, throughout the world, further development,

high speed electronic circuits of the highest quality, according to some researchers,

a photon computer, by means of light, advantage over, in a few decades.

Exercise 5. Comment on the following statement.

Electronic games are very popular today. There are already up

to 10,000 different computer games in the world.

Exercise 6. Read and smile.

Andrew Jackson's Poor Health

After his wife died Andrew Jackson, former President of the

United States, became increasingly irritable (раздражительный).

He also worried (беспокоиться) more and more about his health.

Several members of his family had died after a paralytic stroke

(паралич) and Jackson was sure he was going to die in the same

way. He therefore lived in daily fear (страх) of getting such a

stroke. One day, during a party at his home, he was playing chess

with a young woman. Suddenly Jackson's hands dropped to his

side, his face became white. Several friends run to him. «At last it

has come», Jackson said weakly. «I have had a stroke. My whole

right side is completely paralyzed.» «How do you know?» someone

asked. «Because», Jackson said, «in the last few minutes I have

pinched (ущипнуть) my leg several times and there is absolutely

no sensation in it». «Oh, I beg your pardon, sir», said the young

woman he played with, «but it was my leg you were pinching.»

Text 5B

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