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Long/Short Vowels

TenseVowels

LowVowels

MidVowels

HighVowels

[i:], [i], [u], [u:] and [iә], [uә]’s 1st elements are pronounced with the tongue bulk high in the mouth cavity.

[e], [e:], [ә], [ʌ], [з:]and [ei], [әu], [eә]’s 1st elements are pronounced with the tongue bulk amid the mouth cavity, its mid and back parts equally risen.

[a], [æ], [a:], [o] [o:] and [oi], [ai], [au]’s 1st elements are pronounced with the tongue bulk low in the mouth cavity.

When the lips are neutral or spread the vowels are called unrounded.

They are – [i:][i][e][ǽ][a:][ʌ], [з:][ə].

When the lips are drawn together so that the opening between them is more or less round the vowel is called rounded.

They are – [o][o:][u][u:].

Monophthongs can be pronounced with some muscular tension like in [a:], [o:] or without it like in [i], [a]. The [i:], [u:], [o:], [a:], [e:] vowels are tense with the rest as lax. Diphthongs are considered semi-tense as tension typically weakens toward their articulation. Diphthongoids feature some tensioning up to vowel ending as a diphthongoid’s sliding sector is in the vowel sound beginning, not at its end like in diphthongs.

Vowels are historically divided into long and short. However their distinction is based on quality characteristics as the factual sound length of historically long vowels may change. Positionally conditioned length variants depend on syllable type, syllable-ending consonant type, word accent structure, and word intonation.

 

Long vowels are – [i:][a:][o:][u:] [з:]

Short vowels are – [i] [e] [o] [u][ə][ʌ],

 

Each class has wide and narrow variations.

According to the lip rounding vowels have 3 positions:

spread,

neutral,

rounded.

 

(APPS файлы) 3 стр

 

 

The next point is checkness. All E. short vowels are checked when stressed. The degree of checkness depends on the following consonant. All long vowels are free. According to the length E. vowels are traditionally divided into short and long vowels, it is a historical phenomenon. Besides, there exists the positional length of vowels, depending on the position of a vowel in a word. From the point of view of tenseness all historically long vowels are tense, while short vowels are lax.

The diphthong theory. The phonemic status of English diphthongs is still a question of discussion. Diphthongs are complex units of the two elements which are closely blended together. They are syllabically indivisible,the length of diphthongs is the same as that of English long vowels. In Russian there are no diphthongs, only combinations of sounds where both elements are equally energetic and distinct. English diphthongs consist of two elements, the first of which is a nucleus, strong and distinct; the second is a glide, which is very weak and indistinct. There exist languages where the second element of a diphthong is a nucleus, being strong and distinct, while the first element is weak and indistinct.(Italian, Latvian- piano, ruoka). Such diphthongs are considered to be false and rising, while English diphthongs are considered to be true and falling. There are 8 English diphthongs: close |ie|, |ue|; mid |ou|, |ei|; open |ea|, |oi|, |ai|, |au|. They are characterized according to the tongue position and the position of the lips.

 

The first linguist who tried to describe and classify vowels for all languageswas D. Jones. He devised the system of 8 Cardinal Vowels. The basis of the system is physiological. Cardinal vowel No. 1 corresponds to the position of the front part of the tongue raised as closed as possible to the palate. The gradual lowering of the tongue to the back lowest position gives another point for cardinal vowel No.5. The lowest front position of the tongue gives the point for cardinal vowel No.4. The upper back limit for the tongue position gives the point for cardinal No.8. These positions for Cardinal vowels were copied from X-ray photographs. The tongue positions between these points were X-rayed and the equidistant points for No.2, 3, 6, 7 were found. The IPA symbols (International Phonetic Alphabet) for the 8 Cardinal Vowels are: 1 -i, 2 - e, 3 - ε, 4 - a, 5 - a:, 6 -, 7 - o, 8 - u.

The system of Cardinal Vowels is an international standard. In spite of the theoretical significance of the Cardinal Vowel system its practical application is limited. In language teaching this system can be learned only by oral instructions from a teacher who knows how to pronounce the Cardinal Vowels

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