General Characteristics of Cytokines

Antiviral Interferon

Characteristics of Interferon

General Characteristics of Cytokines

Lecture 2.1 Isolation of interferons and other cytokines.

Summary

Tasks for seminars

Developing Skills in Preparing for linguistic typology

1. Speakon the main problems which arise in the course of typological studies

2. Discriminate the notions ‘linguistic typology’ and ‘contrastive typology’.

3. Substantiate your position in relation of the possibilities of investigation for each of typologies.

4. Characterize the notions ‘isomorphic regularity/ allomorphic singularity’.

In this lecture there have been presented the essential features according to which it became possible to deduce the very essence of a typological investigation in languages. There was given full description of all methods in contrasting investigation which help efficiently study structurally and genealogically different languages. Special attention had been paid to the notions ‘isomorphic regularity/ allomorphic singularity’.

Plan:

Cytokines are low molecular weight proteins made by certain cells as a mechanism to communicate with other cells. Cytokines produced by lymphocytes are also called lymphokines. Cytokines bind to certain surface receptors, cytokine receptors, found on the cells they regulate, inducing a change such as growth, differentiation, movement, or cell death. Although cytokines are short-lived, they are very powerful, acting at extremely low concentrations. They can act locally, regionally, or systemically. Often, they act together or in sequence, in a complex fashion. The role of cytokines in stimulating the immune system has suggested their use as therapeutic agents (Table 1).

■ Chemokines are cytokines important in chemotaxis of immune cells; more than 50 different varieties have been identified by their structure. Certain types of cells of the host defenses have receptors for chemokines, thereby enhancing their ability to migrate to the appropriate region of the body, such as an area of inflammation.

■ Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) are important in the multiplication and differentiation of leukocytes (see figure 1). During the immune response when more leukocytes are needed, a variety of colony-stimulating factors direct immature cells into the appropriate maturation pathways. CSFs are used therapeutically to increase the numbers of protective macrophages and granulocytes in patients undergoing red bone marrow transplants.

Table 1

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