Environmental contamination by waste of industrial production

Dangerous substances and the analysis of risk.

Criteria and concepts of studying of substances.

Criteria of change of structure of an environment:

- Volume of manufacture;

- Scopes;

- Distribution to an environment;

- Stability and ability to decomposition.

Stability is the property of substance defining duration of its stay in the environment. Before it is deduced from the environment or undergoes changes.

There is a target, desirable and undesirable stability.

Transformation - change of structure of substances under influence of factors of environment.

Happen biotichecal and abiotichecal. To abiotichecal oxidation-reduction processes, photochemical, photophysical, etc. concern

Toxic properties - the properties defining, on how many this or that substance is dangerous.

Danger of substance is a probability of occurrence harmful for экосистемы effects in conditions of manufacture and application of substance. The estimation of substance from the point of view of danger or risk of application develops of an exposition - an operating doze, i.e. concentration of the substance influencing object during time.

Toxicity - potential influence for concrete individuals or ecological systems, depending on concentration.

Risk - a measure of probability of occurrence of infringement of corresponding weight.

Classification of pollution. There are various kinds of classifications: on types of environments, under polluting factors (lead, mercury, firm waste, etc.), from the point of view of reduction of pollution as a whole, distinguish proof and unstable.

Proof waste - not decaying, do not collapse or decay too slowly. For them there are no natural processes which would decompose them with the same speed from what they act in an environment. These are various substances and poisons (for example, cans).

Such polluting substances collect and biologically amplify on food circuits, incorporating with other substances. These substances can form even more toxic (for example, methyl-mercury).

Ways of struggle:

1. Withdrawal from ecological systems.

2. To stop manufacture of such substances.

3. To forbid emission.

4. To supervise, to not admit a toxic level.

Unstable pollution - the pollution destroyed by biological processes and various physical and chemical transformations.

Organic pollution - sewage. The problem consists in their volume.

Pollution is an adverse change of an environment which entirely or partially grows out human activity, directly or indirectly changes distribution of coming energy, a level of radiation, physical and chemical properties of environment, a condition of existence of the biological environment.

Classification of pollution in view of various factors:

- Physical pollution: power fields (electric, gravitational), influences (electric, magnetic, electromagnetic), inertial forces, corpuscular streams (radiation), thermal pollution, other fluctuations of environment (noise and vibration);

- Chemical pollution:

- Biological pollution:

Microbiological poisoning;

Influences of organisms against each other.

- Aesthetic harm.

Дата добавления: 2014-01-11