Is transference of an idea expressed by a definite grammatical category in the SL by a different grammatical category of the TL

SUBSTITUTION

Substitution is a universal and widely used translation device.

It is used at the level of parts of speech and at the level of parts of sentence.

Substitution at the level of parts of speech.

· The most common is replacing English nouns (“Nomina Agentis”) by Ukrainian verbs. Most English (verbal) nouns are substituted for (finite) verbs in Ukrainian and Russian. It is objectively predetermined by the difference in the quantitative representation of nouns and verbs in the source and target languages. The quantitative representation of verbs in Ukrainian by far exceeds that in English.

E.g.1: He is an early rise r = He rises early = Він рано встає

E.g.2: She is a good dancer = She dances well= Вона гарно танцює.

E.g.3: He’s not a terribly good mixe r.

Він не дуже гарно сходиться з людьми.

E.g.4: I’m quite a heavy smoker, for one thing… (J.Salinger)

По-перше, я палю, як паровоз.

· Common enough is the replacement of adjectives (transferred epithets) which syntactically express attributive relations while semantically they express adverbial relations by adverbs:

E.g.1: At the age of 18 Charles earned an honest living.

…Чарльз чесно заробляв собі на життя.

E.g.2: Lord Nesby stretched a careless hand.

Лорд Несбі байдуже (недбало) простягнув руку.

This kind of substitution is used to make the sentence sound absolutely Ukrainian and semantically transparent.

· adjectives derived from geographical names are substituted for nouns and vice versa:

E.g.1: The French president – президент Франції;

The British Government – уряд Британії;

Congolese Embassy – посольство Конго.

E.g.2: But I fear the Indians of Cleveland (Hemingway).

Боюсь, щоб їх не побили клівлендські індіанці.

Alongside such substitutions the place of the attribute is changed too.

· adjectives used as the predicative are substituted for verbs (more often than not):

E.g.1: He was cross with me. – Він сердився на мене.

E.g.2: She was silent. – Вона мовчала.

E.g.3: The boy was sad too… (Hemingway)

Та й хлопець тоді засмутився …

· adjectives in the comparative degree are replaced by verbal nouns:

E.g.: The workers demanded higher wages.

Робітники вимагали підвищення зарплатні.

? (Other cases: An attempted coup in Greece – Спроба військового перевороту у Греції. The English participial “attempted” is replaced by the Ukrainian noun “спроба”; similarly the English phrase: “ increased military spending” is translated “ збільшення воєнних витрат”)

· In many a case replacements are stylistically predetermined:

E.g.1: She nodded her head and smiled (J.London).

Рут, посміхнувшись, кивнула головою.

E.g.2: For a moment I suspected that he was pulling my leg, but a glance at him convinced me otherwise (Fitzgerald).

Я навіть подумав був, чи не дурить він мене, але глянувши на нього, перконався, що це не так.

E.g.3: She [Irene] has remained faithfu l to memory (Galsworthy).

Вона зберігає вірність минулому.

E.g.4: We fight to live (Hemingway).

Ми боремось за життя.

Thus, substitution may be employed not only to make a sense unit semantically more transparent but also to make it sound stylistically more natural:

E.g.5: “An industrial accident”, the doctor said (Hemingway)

– Нещасний випадок на заводі, – сказав доктор.

· Substitution (replacement) is sometimes the only way of adjusting the English peculiar way of expression to literary Ukrainian.

E.g.1: Piggy looked up miserably from the dawn-pale beach to the dark mountains (W.Golding).

Роха перевів нещасний погляд зі світанково-блідого берега на темну гору.

E.g.2: Madame Heron left today Monsieur suddenly, about three o’clock. There was illness in her family (Galsworthy)

Мадам Ерон виїхала сьогодні, мосьє – раптово, біля третьої години. Захворів хтось із її родичів.

· Substitution is almost always employed when dealing with asyndetic substantial clusters:

E.g.: …was seated at the breakfast table (C.Doyle)

… сидів за столом і снідав.

Substitution at the level of parts of the sentence:

· When in the English sentence the predicate is expressed by the verb in the passive voice and the doer of the action is known, then very often in the translation of such a sentence the subject becomes the object and vice versa (the object becomes the subject):

E.g.1: The door was opened by Jack. = Jack opened the door = Двері відчинив Джек.

E.g.2: Catherine Barkley was greatly liked by the nurses because she would do night duty indefinitely (Hemingway)

Госпітальні сестри дуже полюбили Кетрін Барклі, бо вона ладна була перебрати на себе всі нічні чергування.

E.g.3: Minutes later, it seemed I was awakened by someone shaking me (H.Lee)

Здавалося, минуло всього кілька хвилин, а мене уже хтось торсав за плечі.

This transformation is predetermined by the quantitative representation of the passive voice constructions in English, which by far exceeds that in Ukrainian.

· The subject expressed by a noun that has no meaning Nomina Agentis (denotingthe doer of action) becomes an adverbial modifier of time, place etc in the translation of such sentences as:

E.g.1: – Last year saw many political events.

Минулого року відбулося багато політичних подій.

E.g.2: – The jet-airliner carried 78 passengers.

На борту реактивного літака знаходилось 78 пасажирів.

It is caused by the difference in the lexical valency between the source language syntaxeme “subject+predicate”, where the subject is expressed by such a noun, and that of Ukrainian.

? In English a number of nouns which have no meaning Nomina Agentis are used in the construction subject+predicate, denoting the doer of the action, while in Russian/ Ukrainian the use of such a construction is restricted lexically. That’s why it’s necessary to substitute the construction “Subject+Predicate” for the construction “Predicate+Adverbial Modifier” or “Adverbial Modifier+Predicate”:

E.g.3: The strike closed most of the schools in New York.

У результаті страйку було закрито більшість шкіл у Нью Йорку.

E.g.4: The air crash killed 106 people.

В результаті авіакатастрофи загинуло 106 людей.

E.g.5: The war saw terrible destruction on the island.

Під час війни на острові відбулися сильні руйнування.

E.g.6: The second grade was grim (H.Lee)

У другому класі було сумно і нудно.

The same transformation takes place when we deal with cliches typical of English newspaper (stock phrases):

E.g.: The communiqué says… – У комюніке говориться…

The resolution declares … – У резолюції сказано…

The note strongly protests…. – У ноті виражається рішучий протест…

Дата добавления: 2014-01-11