Is transformation of a SL complex sentence into a TL simple one or joining of two separate SL sentences into one composite sentence in the TL

Is replacement of a SL syntactical unit by a TL unit of a more simple structure.

OMISSION

is leaving out some elements in the TL version as superfluous.

The phenomenon of redundancy is typical mostly of English. Redundant elements in a sentence may be expressed by a word, word combination or a phrase: In Ukrainian redundant elements are used mainly as a stylistic device that of pleonasm: чорна сажа, бачити на власні очі. Thus the redundant elements are as often as not omitted in the Ukrainian version.

· Omissions are conditioned first of all by the absence of the corresponding grammar phenomena in the TL (auxiliary verbs in some constructions, articles or pronouns etc.).

E.g.1: He spat on the ground and shook his head (Hemingway).

Він плюнув і похитав головою.

E.g.2: She helped him with his English, corrected his pronunciation, and started him on arithmetic.

Вона допомагала йому в англійській мові, виправляла вимову й учила арифметики.

· When translating paired (pairs of) synonyms with identical or very close meaning:

E.g.1: The treaty was declared null and void.

Договір було оголошено недійсним (анульовано).

E.g.2: The garden was old and cosy, with plenty of nooks and corners (A.Christie)

Сад був старий і затишний з великою кількістю потаємних куточків.

· A sense unit may be omitted in the language of translation for stylistic reasons (subjectively introduced), for example, to avoid unnecessary repetition (smth that is obvious or smth mentioned in the preceding part)

E.g.: She turned aghast towards the bed.

Вона з жахом обернулася. (the bed was mentioned in the previous sentence)

Casual subjective omissions usually do not change the general content of the sentence/ passage though they may alter to some extent the author’s emphasis made in the sentence of the source language. (! The main thing here is to avoid sense losses).

REDUCTION (стягнення, скорочення)

It is often resorted to for stylistic reasons, especially in belles-lettres texts when there exists an incompatibility between the structural forms of the syntactical units of the SL and their semantic and structural equivalents in the TL.

The most often occurring reduction is

· Changing of an extended word-group into a simpler sense unit:

E.g.1: She gave him a little smile and took his hand (Maugham)

Вона грайливо посміхнулася і взяла його руку. – phraseological expression

INTEGRATION/ MERGER

It may be required by the content, as well as by the nationally specific way of expression, or by the style of the text.

E.g.1: “ That’s what I say,” she said. “ That’s what I feel,” she said (Parker)

“ Оце така моя думка ”, сказала вона. “ Отак я ставлюсь доцього, ” підсумувала вона.

E.g.2: “ I talk to him like I don’t know what. I get so excited (D.Parker)

“ Я як розійдуся, то такого наговорю, що й сама не знаю що”.

To avoid literalism and structural/ syntactic awkwardness in Ukrainian the translator joined two sentences into one, which made the Ukrainian variant sound stylistically and semantically quite natural

E.g.3: Олена любить усі свої ролі. Якщо якусь з них довго не танцює то починає сумувати.

Olena loves all her roles and even misses them should too much time pass without performing them.

Generally, integration is a translslation device wholly depending on stylistic peculiarities and communication intent of the text being translated.

In oral translation integration may be a text compression tool when an interpreter (consecutive or simultaneous) is to reduce the exuberant elements of the source text to keep in pace with the speaker.

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