Студопедия

КАТЕГОРИИ:


Архитектура-(3434)Астрономия-(809)Биология-(7483)Биотехнологии-(1457)Военное дело-(14632)Высокие технологии-(1363)География-(913)Геология-(1438)Государство-(451)Демография-(1065)Дом-(47672)Журналистика и СМИ-(912)Изобретательство-(14524)Иностранные языки-(4268)Информатика-(17799)Искусство-(1338)История-(13644)Компьютеры-(11121)Косметика-(55)Кулинария-(373)Культура-(8427)Лингвистика-(374)Литература-(1642)Маркетинг-(23702)Математика-(16968)Машиностроение-(1700)Медицина-(12668)Менеджмент-(24684)Механика-(15423)Науковедение-(506)Образование-(11852)Охрана труда-(3308)Педагогика-(5571)Полиграфия-(1312)Политика-(7869)Право-(5454)Приборостроение-(1369)Программирование-(2801)Производство-(97182)Промышленность-(8706)Психология-(18388)Религия-(3217)Связь-(10668)Сельское хозяйство-(299)Социология-(6455)Спорт-(42831)Строительство-(4793)Торговля-(5050)Транспорт-(2929)Туризм-(1568)Физика-(3942)Философия-(17015)Финансы-(26596)Химия-(22929)Экология-(12095)Экономика-(9961)Электроника-(8441)Электротехника-(4623)Энергетика-(12629)Юриспруденция-(1492)Ядерная техника-(1748)

Stylistic devices of semasiology




Lecture 8

 

 

Metaphorical group

Now, we come to the most difficult, yet the most inventive and inter­esting, use of language, figurative language. This term refers to the use of words, not in their literal sense, but in a metaphorical or imaginative way. Although you may associate figurative language primar­ily with poetry, prose writers also use it to give great immediacy, greater drama, or stronger impact on an otherwise commonplace idea.

Metaphor is the transfer of the name of one object or person to another based on likeness, similarity of some features of these two objects.

A metaphor, in place of proper Words, Resemblance puts; and Dress to Speech affords.

Galperin considers that the idea that metaphor is based on similarity of two objects is erroneous. Identification should not be equated to resemblance. Therefore, it is better, in his view, to define metaphor as the power of realising two lexical meanings simultaneously.

A metaphor refers to a direct comparison in which the dominant quality or characteristic of one thing is transferred to another. Literally, such trans­ference of meaning does not make sense, but the reader knows to interpret it as a comparison. In the phrase, "a will of granite," we are meant to see that the characteristics of granite - hardness, durability, and inflexibility - are being likened to the person's steadfastness and unwillingness to change. A dog, admittedly old, fat, and lazy, was once humorously described as " a barrel perched on four toothpicks."

John Knowles metaphorically described the ocean swimmer as "flotsam " to emphasise the swimmer's powerlessness against the turbulent force of the ocean.

 

Metaphor is a process of mapping between two different conceptual domains. The different domains are known as the target domain (tenor or topic) and the source domain (vehicle or object of nomination). The target domain is the topic or concept that you want to describe through the metaphor while the source doma in refers to the concept that you draw upon in order to create the metaphorical construction.

In a news headline like THE WAR ERUPTS ON NEW FRONT, the sudden and unexpected outbreak of war is reported in the same terms as the violent eruption of a volcano. In rhetorical terms, the tenor (or topic) of the metaphor is war, but the vehicle/ object of nomination by which it is described is volcano.

Metaphors are a part and parcel, so to speak, of everyday discourse. The difference between sorts of metaphors in different discourse contexts is in the degree of novelty exhibited by a metaphor. As with any figure of speech, repeated use leads to familiarity, and so commonplace metaphors can sometimes develop into idioms or fixed expressions in the language. However, what arguably sets the use of metaphor in literature apart from more “idiomatised” uses of the trope is that in literature metaphors are on the one hand typically more novel and on the other stylistically less clear (P. Simpson). Writers consciously strive for novelty in literary expression and this requires developing not only new conceptual mappings but also new stylistic frameworks through which these mappings can be presented.

That’s why semantically there are two kinds of metaphor: trite/dead and genuine/living.

Different from trite/ dead metaphors, which are no longer felt as such, dead or disguised metaphors add to the stock of words and are studied in Lexicology. By trite metaphor we mean the transferred usage which, though the metaphoric nature of the expression is evident, is so familiar and customary that one does not always notice it, and the expression is repeated as a ready-made one, not created in actual speech.

Metaphors may be created on the similarity of different physical properties, such as, for instance:

1. similarity of shape – crane, bulb, table’s leg;

2. similarity of position – foot of the mountain, head of the procession;

3. similarity of movement – fox-trot, to worm one’s way;

4. zoosemy – a fox, a bear, a monkey, to ape

Trite metaphors give rise to phraseological word groups: to fly into a passion, to jump to conclusion, to fall in love.

Genuine metaphor is fresh and original. They serve as an expressive means in pictorial language. Genuine metaphors are generally created and accepted with a consciousness of their nature as substitutes for their literal equivalents. The wider the gap between the associated objects the more striking and unexpected and expressive is the metaphor. They are studied in stylistics.

His words were coming so fast; they were leap-frogging themselves. (R. Chandler)

A metaphorimplies a resemblance between two distinctly different things without using like or as, e.g.: Lifeis a bowl of cherries.

The wide curving street dozed peacefully in the sun. (R. Chandler)

Structurally metaphorical use of language ranges from single words or phrases (simple / elementary) to whole contexts consisting of several sentences (sustained metaphors).

Single words: The TV programmes rekindled her fears of revolution....

Compound words: The vinegar-hearted cook

Phrases: Sales will...go through the roof.

Sustained/prolonged/extended metaphors: sentences and beyond




Поделиться с друзьями:


Дата добавления: 2014-01-11; Просмотров: 3290; Нарушение авторских прав?; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы!


Нам важно ваше мнение! Был ли полезен опубликованный материал? Да | Нет



studopedia.su - Студопедия (2013 - 2024) год. Все материалы представленные на сайте исключительно с целью ознакомления читателями и не преследуют коммерческих целей или нарушение авторских прав! Последнее добавление




Генерация страницы за: 0.012 сек.