The main types of adverbial clauses

The main types of attributive relative clauses

Attributive relative clauses can be restrictive a nd non-restrictive or descriptive.

1. An attributive relative restrictive clause restricts the meaning of the antecedent. It cannot be removed without destroying the meaning of the sentence. It is not separated by a comma from the principal clause because of its close connection with it. Attributive relative restrictive clauses are introduced by:

(a) relative pronouns (who, whose, which, that, as);

(b) relative adverbs (where, when);

(c) asyndetically.

(Shaw)

1) You could not but feel sympathy for a man who took so much delight in simple things. (Maugham)

2) but there is no private life which has not been determined by

3) And he is now come to that stage of life when a man like him should enter into public affairs. (E//or;

4) I think my father is the best man I have ever known.

2. An attributive relative non-restrictive clause does not restrict the meaning of the antecedent; it gives some additional information about it. It can be left out without destroying the meaning of the sentence. As the connection between the principal clause and the attributive non-restrictive clause is loose, they are often separated by a comma.

1) Mr. Prusty, who kept no assistant, slowly got off his stool. (Cronin)

2) She uttered a wild scream, which in its heart-rending intensity seemed to echo for miles. (Hardy)

3) He went in alone to the dining-room where the table was laid for one. (Cronin)

According to their meaning we distinguish the following kinds of adverbial clauses: adverbial clauses of time, place, cause (reason), purpose, condition, concession, result, manner, and comparison.

Adverbial clauses are joined to the principal clause by means of subordinating conjunctions; they are not joined to the principal clause asyndetically except sometimes adverbial clauses of condi­tion.

An adverbial clause may precede the clause to which it is subor­dinated or follow it. In the first case it is separated from the principal clause by a comma, in the second, as a rule, no comma is used. An adverbial clause may also interrupt the principal clause, in which case a comma is used at the beginning and at the end of it.

When things are at the worst, they're sure to mend. (Collins) He was sipping the whisky and soda when she returned ^ (Cronin)

The first words, when we had taken our seats, were spoken by my lady. (Collins)

If we have two or more homogeneous adverbial clauses they are separated from each other by a comma.

He (Oliver) was still the same gentle, attached, affectionate creature that he had been when pain and suffering had wasted his strength, and when he was dependent for every slight attention and comfort on those who tended him. ( Dickens)

An adverbial clause of time shows the time of the action expressed in the principal clause. Adverbial clauses of time are introduced by the following conjunctions: when, while, whenever (когда бы ни), as, till, until, as soon as, as long as, since, after, before, now that (теперь, когда).

My mother died when I was eight years old... (Eliot)

... we must strike while the iron's hot. (Galsworthy)

I shall hope to visit you whenever I happen to be in London. (Collins)

In some cases an adverbial clause of time introduced by the con­junction as has the meaning of the gradual development of a process. As dark night drew on, the sea roughened. (Ch. Bronte)

An adverbial clause of place shows the place of the action expressed in the principal clause. Adverbial clauses of place are introduced by the conjunctions where and wherever (где бы ни, куда бы ни).

... I am quite comfortable where I am. (Wilde) I looked where she pointed. (Collins)

the street singers and players were making their nightly p grimage, pausing, wherever they saw a lighted window or a di figure on a balcony. (Hichens)

An adverbial clause of cause (reason) shows the cause of the actio expressed in the principal clause. Adverbial clauses of cause are intrc duced by the conjunctions as, because, since, for fear (that); in officii style they may also be introduced by the conjunctions on the groun that, for the reason that and some others.

As he had a liking for the spot, he seldom let a week pass withoi paying it a visit. (Dickens)

Letters were infrequent in his world and not very welcome be cause more often than not they contained bad news. ( Priest ley)

Since he had a certain talent for composition, his English maste encouraged him to write little pieces... for the college magazine (Cronin)

He is suspicious and jealous for fear anyone else might want ti share in his power. (Lawrence)

Adverbial clauses of purpos e state the purpose of the action ex pressed in the principal clause. They are introduced by the conjunction that, in order that, so that, lest (чтобы не) and some others.

She kept her back to the window that he might not see her ris­ing colour. (Hardy)

Wounds sometimes must be opened in order that they may be healed. (Trollope)

I crouched against the wall of the gallery so that I should not be seen. (Du Maurier)

... he made all these exclamations in a carefully suppressed voice, lest the valet should overhear anything. (Dickens)

Adverbial clauses of condition state the condition which is necessary for the realization of the action expressed in the principal clause. They are introduced by the conjunctions //, unless (если не), suppose, in case (в случае если), on condition that, provided (при условии что), etc.

... should Frank marry to-morrow, I shall have no ground for blaming him. (Trollope) Had she been an Englishwoman, Artois would have guessed her to be near fifty. (Hichens)

An adverbial clause of concession denotes the presence of some obstacle which nevertheless does not hinder the action expressed in the principal clause. The conjunction as introduces adverbial clauses of concession in which the predicative stands first. however, whoever, whatever, whichever. In official style they may also be introduced by the conjunctions notwithstanding that, in spite of the fact that.

I enjoyed that day, though we travelled slowly, though it was cold, though it rained. (Ch. Bronte)

Although the young man's eyes remained upon him, he did not speak... (Cronin)

Troubled as he was, he never exposed his difficulties to her. (Dreiser)

However much we may differ on the question of metaphysics, I am convinced of your absolute integrity. (Cronin) He went forward to meet his uncle prepared to suppress the agita­tion he must feel, whatever news he was to hear. (Eliot)

Adverbial clauses of result denote the result of the action expressed in the principal clause. Very often adverbial clauses of this type have an additional meaning of degree. Adverbial clauses of pure result are introduced by the conjunc­tion so that; they are usually separated from the principal clause by a comma.

Darkness had fallen and a keen blizzard was blowing, so that the streets were nearly deserted. (Conan Doyle)

Adverbial clauses of result with an additional meaning of degree are introduced by the conjunction that; in these cases we find the adverb so or the demonstrative pronoun such in the principal clause. Such clauses are not separated from the principal clause by a comma.

He is so weak physically that he can hardly move. (Shaw) Tom was in ecstasies — in such ecstasies that he even controlled his tongue and was silent. (Twain)

Adverbial clauses of manner characterize in a general way the action expressed in the principal clause. They are usually introduced by the conjunction as. In adverbial clauses of manner the idea of comparison is often implied.

... she did exactly as he told her. (Hardy) Joe left the house as he had entered it... ( Cronin)

Adverbial clauses of comparison denote an action with which the:tion of the principal clause is compared. They are introduced by the injunctions that, as, as... as, not so... as, as if, as though.

Mr. Direck's broken wrist healed sooner than he desired. (Wells)

We were going up the road as fast as we could. (Hemingway) He was white and jaded, as if he had not slept for many nights. (Wells)

She could see his lips moving, from time to time, as though he were talking to himself. (Cronin)

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