Descending

Stepping (normal speech): Our 'classes be'gan at 'three o’ˋclock.

Falling (normal speech): Our 'classes be'gan at 'three o’ˋclock.

Sliding (emphatic speech): Our classes be gan at three o’ˋclock.

Scandant (emphatic speech): Our classes be gan at three o’ˋҘclock.

Ascending (emphatic speech)

Rising: I don’t want to go to the cinema.

Climbing: I don’t want to go to the cinema.

According to the regularity of their pitch movements heads can be regular and broken.

Broken: it helps to convey different emotions. It is attitudinal function (special rise or attitudinal rise).

He 'promised to 'come in a ↑half an Õhour.

Nucleus – the last stressed syllable in which the pitch movement changes. The nucleus is usually of a highest importance: it is on this syllable that the whole pitch pattern centres. There are 8 nuclear tones in English.

Low (medium) Fall ÕNo

High Fall ×No

Rise-Fall ˆNo

Low (medium) Rise Ô No

High Rise ÖNo

Fall-Rise ˇNo

Rise-Fall-Rise Ö×Ö ÔNo

Mid level > No

The nucleus defines the communicative type of the sentence, determines the semantic value of the intonation group, and indicates the communicative centre of the intonation group or of the whole sentence. The communicative centre is associated with the most important word or words of the intonation group or of the sentence. The communicative type of the whole sentence determines the nuclear tone of the final intonation group. The communicative types of the sentences are differentiated in speech according to the aim of the utterance from the point of view of communication in order to show if the sentence expresses a statement of fact, a question, a command or an exclamation. There are 4 communicative types of sentences:

1. Statement: HF – straightforward; LR – friendly; FR, RF – implicatory.
2. Questions: special – HF, LF

General – HR, LR

Alternative – HR/LF;

Disjunctive - HF/LR; LF/LF.

1. Imperatives: HF – commands, order; LR – requests.
2. Exclamatory: HF.

The intonation pattern of the non-final intonation group, mainly its nuclear tone, is determined and by its connection with the following one.

The falling nuclear tone shows that the non-final intonation group is complete, important by itself and is not so closely connected with the following intonation group.

I’ll ®tell him Õall | when he Õcomes.

The rising nuclear tone shows that the non-final intonation group is closely connected in meaning with the following intonation group and is not important by itself and implies continuation.

®Generally Ô speaking | I pre'fer Õtennis.

The intonation pattern is also modified by the speaker’s attitude towards his utterance.

In English notional words (nouns, ajectives, verbs, numerals, adverbs) are generally stressed. Form words and most pronouns (personal and possessive mainly) are generally unstressed. But any part of speech may be stressed if it is semantically important.

'What he is 'going to 'do? (he is communicative centre)

The tail. The unstressed and half-stressed syllables that follow the nucleus.

1. A low tail is one in which everything that comes after a falling tone nucleus is pronounced in low pitch.

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1. A rising tail occurs when all the syllables that come after a rising tone nucleus gradually rise in pitch.

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