Prefixes

Summary

In this lecture there were presented the main principles for typological investigation of languages within domain of structural typology and, in this connection, distinguished the three notions of a type, such as a/ language type;.

b/ type of a language and 3/ type in a language.

There was given the notion of the synthetic and analytical essence of a language type and, accordingly, on the role of such ontological property of a linguistic sign as asymmetry in actualization of these two types.

There was emphasized the fact of no genealogical or territorial influence upon structural status of a language.

The lecture also contains the description of language types and their definitions.

Counting prefixes. Those which in some way quantify the root

a-, an- “Lacking” ex.: immoral

ambi- “both, around” ex.: ambivalent

arch- “ principal high” ex.: archbishop

bi- “twice, double” ex.: bigamist

di- ‘two’ ex.: dioxide

mono- “one” ex.: monograph

muiti- “many” ex.: multiform

oligo- “ few” ex.: oligarchy

omni- “ all” ex.: omnidirectional

pan- “ all” ex.: panorama

poly- “ many” ex.: polygamy

tri- “ three” ex.: triangle

uni- “one” ex.: univocal

The second group of prefixes – involvement prefixes those which say something about the kind of involvement of the participant in the action of the root.

Anti- “opposed or instead” ex.: antisemitic

Auto- “self” ex.: autobiography

Co- (con-) “together” ex.: coexistence

Contra- “against, opposite” ex.: contradiction

Vice- “instead of, in place of” ex.: vice president

The third group – judgment prefixes which make a judgment about the root.

Dis- “intensifier” ex.: disturb

Dys- “bad, badly” ex.: dyslogistic

Eu- “good, well” ex.: euphoria

Extra- “outside the scope of” ex.: extraordinary

Mia- “evil, wrong, ill” ex.: malodirant

Meta- ‘changed’ ex.: metaphysics

Mis- “badly, wrongly” ex.: mislead

Pro- “on behalf of” ex.: production

Proto- “first, chief” ex.: prototype

Pseudo- “false, deceptive resemblance” ex.: pseudoname

Locative prefixes. They say something about place and direction.

Ab- (a-, abs-) “from, away” (abnormal)

Ad- “to, ford” (advance)

Ana- “back” (analogy)

Apo- “away, from” (apology)

Cat- “away, back, down, opposite” (catastrophe)

De- “away, from, down” (decay)

Dia- “across, through” (diameter)

Ecto- “external” (ectoplasm)

En- “in, into” (enclose)

Endo- “internal” (endocrinology)

Epi- “on, over” (epidermis)

Ex-, ec- “out, from, away” (ex-wife)

In- “in, into, within” (inchoate)

Infra- “below, beneath, within” (infrastructure)

Inter- “between, among” (interchange)

Intra-, intro- “inside” (introvert)

Ob- “against” (obdurate)

Para- “beside, along with” (parallel)

Per- “through” (pervade)

Peri- “around” (perimeter)

Pro- “in front of” (proposition)

Pros- “concerning” (prosody)

Retro- “back” (retrospection)

Sub- “under, below” (subtitle)

Super- “over, above” (supernatural)

Sur- “over, above” (surrealistic)

Syn- “with, together” (syntactic)

Tres- (tre-, trans-) “across” (transnational)

Measurement prefixes.

Crypto- “secret, hidden” (cryptography)

Hyper- “over, to access” (hypersensitive)

Hypo- “under, slightly” (hypotonic)

Is-, iso- “equal” (isotope)

Macro- “large, broad scale” (macroeconomics)

Micro- “tiny, small scale” (microscope)

Mid- “middle” (midwinter)

Semi- “half, partly” (semicolon)

Ultra- “”beyond, extreme” (ultra liberal)

Дата добавления: 2014-01-11