Contamination of atmosphere

Contamination of the environment objects

The Sun energy amount which is received by the Earth surface on the equator is more than on poles. The temperature contrast between poles and the equator conditions the atmosphere circulation and results in the vertical and horizontal exchange of air masses|aer|. At the modern stage of the humanity development contaminents, such as dust, nitrogen oxides, radio-active admixtures are involved into the motion|movement| of|aerial| air masses. These contaminents are carried|transfer| for large|big| distances. The territories of moderate latitudes|width| of the Northern hemisphere are exposed to the greatest contamination. The largest|major| industrial regions of the world|peace|, supplying the atmosphere with the enormous amount|quantity| of contaminents, are concentrated exactly here|preeminently|.

The atmosphere always contains|maintain| several admixtures which are conditioned by natural and anthropogenic sources|spring|. The natural admixtures are as follows: dust of different|diverse| origin, smoke, gases from forest fires|conflagration| and volcanic activity etc. Contaminents of natural origin are|appear| background and their content changes insignificantly|variate| in the course of time.

Considerable contamination of the atmospheric|atmosphere| air|aer|, the contaminents migration results in creating|making| more toxic|toxical| substances or the origin of such phenomena|phenomen| as the hothouse effect, the ozone layer destruction, acid rains etc.

5.2.2. Contamination of hydrosphere|hydrospace|

Water is one of most necessary and most widespread|wide-spread| substances. It|her| is|appear| a powerful solvent and it participates in vitally important processes|Carbro| which take place in plants and living organisms. Living organisms utilize|use| water|aquatic| solutions for the functioning of biological|life-form| processes|Carbro|.

The increase of the population quantity|numerosity| resulted in the sharp|hairpin| increase of water consumption|comsumption|. The highest indexes|metric| of the population growth|height| are observed|exist| in droughty|drought-afflicted| regions in which already now there is lack of water. Now most countries of Africa, Middle East, and also North China, parts|portion| of India, Mexico suffer from the water shortage.

The use of natural water|aquatic| resources must not lead to the violation of the hydrological cycle|runddown|, which would result in the rapid|fast| exhaustion of water|aquatic| resources. Nevertheless|however|, there are many examples in world practice, when large-scale water|aquatic| projects did not take into account their influence on the environment which resulted in ruinous|disastrous| consequences. It is possible to give an example of the construction of the Assouan weir on the Nile. As a result of this the whole|whole-note| ecological systems| were destroyed, it resulted in soil erosion|footwall|, silting-up of storage pool, to the violation of the nutrients|nutrient| balance etc.

With the development of industry rivers and lakes are contaminated by faulting of not enough purified waste waters, by industrial waste and thermal waters of thermal stations. Substantial influence on the quality of surface water renders washing off of fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides from agricultural lands| and also fall of acid rains. The contamination by industrial waste, by pesticides creates the real threat to the existence of man on the Earth|ground-to-air|.

A special type of the hydrosphere contamination|hydrospace| is|appear| the thermal contamination, conditioned by the dumping of warm waters from power plants. The considerable quantity of heat which arrives|enter| from heated waters in rivers and lakes substantially changes the biological|life-form| mode|regime| as a result of which terms of fish spawning are violated, zooplankton|zooplancton| perishes etc.

The basic|main| sources|spring| of the contamination of superficial water|aquatic| objects are as follows|appear|:

Sewage of industrial and communal|public| (municipal) enterprises;

Waste products from the development|elaboration| of ore and non-metallic minerals;

Mine waters and oil industry waters;

Waste products after processing|waste-handling| industrial crops.

The considerable sources|spring| of contamination of surface water are|appear| pulp-and-paper industry, chemical|chinagraph|, food and textile|Text.| industries, and enterprises of black and coloured|pigmented| metallurgy, agricultural|farin| production.

5.2.3. Contamination of soil|footwall|

The nature resource base|baseline| of the development of the rural and forest economy is|appear| soil which is the most valuable wealth|affluence| of the country. Soil|ground-to-air| is the national wealth|affluence| of the society, the basic|main| mode of production in agriculture and the place|seat| of location of all kinds of manufacturing.

The term soil|footwall| means the earth's crust modified under the influence of living organisms, first of all,|first and foremost| green plants. These surface layers which differ from mountain|mining| rocks in the composition of the mineral mass by considerable content of specific organic|organo| substances (humus|) and have an important feature to supply to plants necessary for their growth|height| substances, water and air|aer|. Soil|footwall| simultaneously is|appear| the result of vital functions of green plants, and the condition|COND| for their existence.

The greatest resource of soil|footwall| is its|its| humus which is an| organic|organo| substance. Its role in the biosphere is enormous. The soil|footwall| appeared with the appearance|occurring| of life on the Earth|ground-to-air|. Only the continuous|prolonged| interaction of basement rocks with a living substance under certain|definite| climatic conditions creates specific features, which distinguish soil|footwall| from mountain|mining| rocks|rock|. The soil|footwall| is|appear| the accumulator of heat and fallouts.

Harmful anthropogenic influence and natural phenomena|phenomen|, increased|anti-collision| by man, inflict|drift| enormous harm to soils|footwall|. These are, first of all|first and foremost|, water|aquatic| and wind erosions|anabrosis|, worsening soils structure|footwall|, the mechanical|power-operated| destruction of soil structure, compression, permanent|constant| diminishing|reduce| of humus|, nutrients|nutrient|, contamination of soils|footwall| with mineral fertilizers, weed and pest-killer chemical| and oil products|, overwetting and alkalinizing| of soils|footwall|.

The global|worldwide| problem is|appear| the permanent|constant| diminishing|reduce| of humus content in the soil|footwall|. Substantial influence on worsening the soil|footwall| quality renders chemicalization| of agriculture. As a result of application|payment| of enormous amount|quantity| of mineral fertilizers, pesticides there is contamination of soils|footwall| with chlorides and sulphates|sulfat|, and also there is elimination|nuke| of microorganisms, worms|cankerworm|, ants etc.

Watering and drainage render negative|subzero| influence on soil|footwall|. Overwetting results in raising|superducting| ground-waters, underflooding| and the change|variating| of their chemical|chinagraph| composition. The negative|subzero| phenomena|phenomen| are observed|exist| when the drainage takes place. As a result of drainage, bogs|swamp| disappear and small|mini| rivers shallow|, flora and fauna change substantially.

The basic sources of the soils contamination in Ukraine are agriculture, industry and transport. The greatest danger for soils is presented by the contamination with radionuclides, heavy metals and pesticides. Evident contamination of soils with heavy metals (copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, manganese) is observed in places of location of large industrial objects. The general area of contamination with radionuclides makes about 6.7 million hectares.

Дата добавления: 2014-01-11