Implies the feature which serves as the ground for comparison

The leaves were falling sorrowfully

Synonyms-substitutes / synonyms specifiers

He brought home numberless prizes. He told his mother countless stories.

Пропало, пройшло, пролетіло,

Минулося, щезло, спливло,

Лишень головешками тліло,

Лишень попелищем цвіло.

Одвіялось, сном одіснилос ь,

Одмарилось - ген набулось,

Вкотилось і ген одкотилос ь,

Солоним риданням зайшлось. (І.Драч)

2. Combination of opposite meanings

Antithesis - a confrontation of at least two phrases semantically opposite

It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the era of incredulity. (Ch. Dickens)

Слова одні нам тішать слух і зір,

А інші нас відштовхують раптово.

Oxymoron ( wittily foolish) - a combination of words which are semantically incompatible (exclude each other)

low skyscrapers, a poor millionaire, horribly beautiful.

Street damaged by improvements (O. Henry)

A man who was the Bully of humility. (Ch. Dickens)

Взимку сонце крізь плач сміється

the joining of apparent contradictions

oxymoron vs. antithesis

oxymoron - a single word combination, syntactically interdependent words

sad and pleasant thoughts, sweet hatred

antithesis - at least two word combinations / sentences

pleasant thoughts and sad meditations

3. Combination of inequivalent meanings

Climax/gradation (ladder) - an increasing gradation of meanings

The eight-five cent dinner tasted like a discarded mail bag and was served by a waiter who looked as if he would slug me for a quarter, cut my throat for six bits and bury me at sea in a barrel of concrete for a dollar and a half plus sales tax. ( R. Chandler)

На серці в нього ставало так погано, прикро, болісно.

Він так зажурився, аж скис.

Typology

1.logical widening of notions

Not only brute creatures, but men; nor they only, but likewise gods, yield to the violence of love.

2. emotional and emphatic gradation of tension

The first canvas caused a faint titter, the second a decided ripple of amusement, and by the time the final canvas was exhibited the crowd was laughing heartily. (A.J. Cronin)

3. quantitative / numerical increase

They looked at hundreds of houses; they climbed thousands of stairs; they inspected innumerable kitchens. (W.S. Maugham)

Anticlimax - a decreasing arrangement of meanings

Mess-jacket looked at me with his silent sleek smile. I watched it until it was no longer a smile, no longer a face, no longer anything but a dark figure against the landing lights. ( R. Chandler)

If John’s eyes fill with tears, you may have no doubt: he has been eating raw onions.

Pun / paronomasia / play on words

- What is the meaning of the word matrimony?

- Father says it isn’t a word, it’s a sentence.

Types

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