I. V. Arnold

Tea. For two. Out here.

Yu. Screbnev - sentences with reevaluated syntactical meaning

Interrogative-affirmative sentences

Negative sentences implying emphatic affirmation

Exclamatory sentences with inversion

A handsome man kisses misses, an ugly one misses kisses.

Soldiers face powder, girls powder faces.

Matter-of-fact styles (scientific prose) - to show the semantic equality of the parts

belles-lettres / publicistic style - an emotive function

- a means of comparing or confronting facts

Married men have wives, and don’t seem to want them. Single fellows have no wives, and do itch to obtain them.

Chiasmus

Greek - “letter X” = Chi (“crossing”)

reversed parallelism SPO – OPS

I looked at the gun and the gun looked at me. (R.Chandler)

There are wives who are in trouble over their husbands. There are husbands who are in trouble over their wives. (A.Christie)

in titles: R. Jacobson “The Poetry of Grammar and the Grammar of Poetry”.

witticisms (play on words):

Anaphora - the repetition of the first word of several succeeding sentences

He knew that his decision was already taken. He knew that it was surrender. He knew that he would slip from her. (C. Snow)

- to create the background for the non-repeated unit

Epiphora - the repetition of the final words in succeeding sentences or clauses

Major Thrope was mortally wounded and his runner killed; Kume and runner were killed, Franklin was wounded; Romberton was killed; Sergeant Perkins was killed; the stretcher-bearers were killed. (R. Aldington)

- to foreground semantically important information

SD based on the transposition of the structural meaning

Contextual transposition of the meaning of a sentence:

Much he knew about it! = He did not know much about it.

Don’t I remember!

Have I not reason to lament!

What man has made of man! (Wordsworth)

Me a liar? = I am not a liar

Isn’t it too bad? = That is too bad.

prof. Ilyish - "semi-interrogative” (sham questions)

Oh, you've seen him?

Do you realize it's nearly midnight?

quasi-negative:

Did I say a word about the money?

quasi-imperative:

quasi-affirmative:

Isn’t it too bad?

interrogative patterns used as mild imperatives

Will you open the door, please?

Would you mind opening the door?

Rhetorical questions - negative or affirmative statements used in the form of a question

After all did it matter so much? Yes, did it matter? What were a few million human animals more or less? Why agonize about it? … Is there nothing but despair and death? Is life vain, beauty vain, love vain, hope vain, happiness vain? “The war to end war!” – is anyone so asinine as to believe that? (R. Aldington)

Interplay of two structural meanings:
1. question
2. statement

- to describe the character’s inner state

- to emphasize the speaker’s key ideas (in oratorical style)

SD based on the transposition of types and means of syntactical connection between structures

Parcellation - the break of the sentence structure into isolated parts, separated by a full stop

It was a grey morning. Cold, still and overcast with the smell of snow. (G. Parker)

transformation of deparcellation:

I saw Moose Malloy there last night. In a room.

= I saw Moose Malloy in a room last night.

The isolated constituents:

predicative: She's awfully independent. And stubborn.

object: Father, there's something I had to tell you. About me.

adv. mod.: I'm speaking as a man to man. To your own benefit.

attribute: I feel rather like a new-born creature. Rather cold, small, lonely.

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