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Aspects

Major and minor

Part-of-speech meaning (functional)

Types of word meaning. Word meaning and motivation.

Doubletsare words which have the same origin but they are different in phonetic shape and in meaning. Doublets appeared in English in different ways.

1) One of the pair may be a native word and the other a borrowed one. EG: the word “shirt” is a native one. “skirt” was borrowed from Scandinavian. (одежда)

2) Both the words are borrowed, but from different languages. EG: senior (from Latin) sir (from French)

3) Both the words are borrowed from one of the same language, but at different period of time. EG: cavalry (Normandy French) – кавалерия. Ch ivalry (Parisian Language) – рыцарство (ch-показывает о более позднем происхождение)

4) Shortening may bring to life etymological doublets. EG: history and story, defense and fance.

International words are the words, which borrowed by several languages, among international words are names of sciences (phonetic, physics, political terms, sports, name of fruits, foods)

Here is a very brief list of examples of Norman French borrowings.

Administrative words: state, government, parliament, council, power.

Legal terms: court, judge, justice, crime, prison.

Military terms: army, war, soldier, officer, battle, enemy.

Educational terms: pupil, lesson, library, science, pen, pencil.

Everyday life was not unaffected by the powerful influence of French words. Numerous terms of everyday life were also borrowed from French in this period: e. g. table, plate, saucer, dinner, supper, river, autumn, uncle, etc

1. conception of word meaning as specific structure:

2)Grammatical — may be defined as the component of meaning recurrent in identical sets of individual forms of different words, as, e.g., the tense meaning in the word-forms of verbs (asked, thought, walked, etc.) or the case meaning in the word-forms of various nouns (girl’s, boy’s, night’s, etc.)

3)Lexical — may be described as the component of meaning proper to the word as a linguistic unit, i.e. recurrent in all the forms of this word. E.g. the word-forms go, goes, went, going, gone possess different grammatical meanings of tense, person and so on, but in each of these forms we find one and the same semantic component denoting the process of movemen для каждого слова индивид

А)Denotational (reference of a word or other lexical unit to individual object or concept) REVEALED IN THE DICTIONARY DEFINITION пример woman(we already know that it is living,human,adult,female)

Б)CONNOTATIONAL (includes ideas or emotions)например если мы услышим слово palace мы понимаем что речь идёт о чём-то богатом,дорогом..)

В)PROGMATIC(other part of mean)

Motivation is the suggestion of the meaning of the word by the lexical form of the word.

1. Morphologic motivation implies a direct connection between the lexical meaning of the component morphemes, the pattern of their arrangement and the meaning of the word. The degree of morphological motivation may be different varying from the extreme of complete motivation to lack of motivation. (The words finger-ring and ring-finger, e.g., contain two morphemes, the combined lexical meaning of which is the same; the difference in the meaning of these words can be accounted forby the difference in the arrangement of the component morphemes).

2. Phonetic motivation implies a direct connection between the phonetic structure of the word and its meaning. Phonetical motivation is not universally recognised in modern linguistic science. tic-tac

3. Semantic motivation (любая метафора,любой перенос значения) implies a direct connection between the central and marginal meanings of the word. This connection may be regarded as a metaphoric extension of the central meaning based on the similarity of different classes of referents denoted by the word. (For example, a woman who has given birth is called a mother; by extension, any act that gives birth is associated with being a mother, e.g. in Necessity is the mother of invention. The same principle can be observed in other meanings: a mother looks after a child, so that we can say She became a mother to her orphan nephew, or Romulus and Remus were supposedly mothered by a wolf. Cf. also mother country, a mother’s mark (=a birthmark), mother tongue, etc.)

 

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Words of native origin and the role they play in the English vocabulary | Nature of Semantic Change
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