Semantic and non-semantic classification of English words

Present days semantic theory focuses on synchronic relations in the language system. It’s concerned both with:

1. relations within language (semantic relations)

2. relations between language and the word(btw words and thing they denotes)

When we talk about the semantic structure of the lexicon we are referring to the network of relationships which buying lexemes together and enable us to perceive the lexicon of the language as a system.

The major of linguistic agree on one point: vocabulary should be studied as a system or as a set of interrelated sub-system.

No lexeme exists in isolation. There is no lexeme without relation.

When linguists studied the semantic structure of the lexicon they are trying to expound all the relationships of meaning that relate lexemes to reach other. Because of the size and complexity of the English language very little of the structure has been described. Descriptive task remains because the size of the lexicon system is changing, rearrangement.

What are these relations that connected words in the lexicon?

Semantic relations:

ü polysemantic relations

1 synonymic relations - there are no lexemes which have exactly the same meaning (linguistically) Synonyms can therefore be defined in terms of linguistics as two or more words of the same language, belonging to the same part of speech and possessing one or more identical or nearly identical denotational meanings, interchangeable, at least in some contexts without any considerable alteration in denotational meaning, but differing in morphemic composition, phonemic shape, shades of meaning, connotations, style, valency and idiomatic use.

ü stylistic (father)в опредеён. Стиле речи

ü ideоgraphiс synonyms (house home)определяют схожие понятия

ü Contextual or context-dependent synonyms в определ контексте: крепкий и алкогольный

ü relative synonyms-: the words name different notions, not various degrees of the same notion, and cannot substitute one another. like:: love:: adore or gift:: talent:: genius схожие понятие,но взаимонезаменяемы

ü Total synonymy, i.e. synonymy where the members of a synonymic group can replace each other in any given context, without the slightest alteration in denotative or emotional meaning and connotations, is a rare occurrence. Examples of this type can be found in special literature among technical terms peculiar to this or that branch of knowledge. child, kid – denotations are the same

2.antonymic relations - Antonyms may be defined as two or more words of the same language belonging to the same part of speech and to the same semantic field, identical in style and nearly identical in distribution, associated and often used together so that their denotative meanings render contradictory or contrary notions

ü Gradable - capable of comparison, they don’t refer to absolute qualities: happy – sad, wet – dry BUT: single – marry, alive – dead we can’t use term gradable as they are contradictories.

ü Converses - ( sell – buy, husband - wife)разные направения действия

ü Complimentary notions are mutually opposed and denying one another, e. g. alive means ‘not dead’ and impatient means ‘not patient’.взаимодопоняют др др

Another classification of antonyms is based on a morphological approach:

ü root words form absolute antonyms (right:: wrong),разные корни

ü the presence of negative affixes creates derivational antonyms (happy:: unhappy).приставка

PARADIGMATICAL RELATIONS

1.Hypero-hypenymic (ай) relations гипероним и гипоним (plant – tree (oak, apple tree (…)), flower …)

2.part-and-whole relations (body – face, eyes, nose; house – kitchen, sitting room, window, bathroom)

3.serial relations 1.2.3.4.5

Дата добавления: 2014-01-11