Compounding

Derivational-pan-pan

Frequency

Convertion.

Special groups of pref)ante-anti,inter-intra-intro

Prefixation.number about 50-80

-by etimologe NATIVE&LOAN(most of pref)

-by function:NON-FORMONG(ex-husband)ADJECTIVE-FORMING(co)&VERB-FORMING(demobilized)

Acordong to the part of speech meaning of the derive base to which they r added:

- deverbal (pref+v)dis,re,under,over

- deadjectival a,an,anti,be,extra

- denominal anti,non,pre,post

Of -
-negation,contrary(incorrecr)

-sequence*order(ex-pres)

-repetition(rewrite)

-quantity&insensity(bilingual)

-pejoration(abnormal,mispronounce)

-amelioration(super –inteleget)

Acord to to the ability to achive spelling variation: unchanges forms(a,mis,ex)& changed pref(bi/bin…)

Suffix - Etimologically:NATIVE(ed,fast,ful,less)&BORROWED(ist,is)

- Acordong to the part of speech meaning of the derive base: DENOMINAL suf(n+suf)dom,ess,less,DEVERBAL ee,er,ing,able,DEADJECTIVAL ly,ish//

Sufixation(spider)

Conversion is one of the principal ways of forming words in Modern English and it is highly productive. Conversion consists in making a new word from some existing word by changing the category of a part of speech, the morphemic shape of the original word remaining unchanged. The new word has a meaning which differs from that of the original one though it can more or less be easily associated with it: work — to work; love — to love; paper — to paper; brief — to brief, etc.

Conversion can be described as a morphological way of forming words. The following indisputable cases of conversion have bееn discussed in linguistic literature:

1.formation of verbs from nouns and more rarely from other parts of speech, and

2.formation of nouns from verbs and rarely from other parts of speech .(to ape-unape)

Basic Criteria:

Synonimacal -chat-chat

.

Compounding: This type of word-building, in which new words are produced by combining two or more stems, is one of the three most productive types in Modern English, the other two are conversion and affixation. Compounds, though certainly fewer in quantity than derived or root words, still represent one of the most typical and specific features of English word-structure.

Compounds, on the one hand, are generally clearly distinguished from free word-groups, on the other hand they borderline between them display close ties and it’s sometimes difficult to identity where is a compound word and where is a word phrase. So there are some criteria which are used to differentiate them: phonetic criterion, morphological, semantic and graphic.

1)Phоnetiсallу compounds are marked by a specific structure of their own. No phonemic changes of bases occur in composition but the compound word acquires a new stress pattern, different from the stress in the motivating words (key, hole = keyhole, each possess their own stress but when the stems of these words are brought together to make up a new compound word the latter is given a different stress pattern). Compound words have three stress patterns:

ü a high or unity stress on the first component as in ‘honeymoon, doorway, etc.

ü a double stress, with a primary stress on the first component and a weaker, secondary stress on the second component, e.g. ´blood-`vessel, ´mad-`doctor.

ü It is not infrequent, however, for both ICs to have level stress as in, e.g., ‘ arm-'chair, ‘icy-'cold, ‘grass-'green, etc.

2)Graphically most compounds have two types of spelling — they are spelt either solidly or with a hyphen. It is true that hyphenated spelling by itself may be sometimes misleading, as it may be used in word-groups to emphasise their phraseological character as in e.g. daughter-in-law, man-of-war, brother-in-arms. The two types of spelling typical of compounds and this makes the problem of distinguishing between compound words and word-groups especially difficult.

3)Semantically compound words are generally motivated units. The meaning of the compound is first of all derived from the’ combined lexical meanings of its components. In compound words semantic relations between the base and the stem on which the word is built is more obvious.FLOWERBAD

4)Morphologically compound words are characterised by the specific order and arrangement in which bases follow one another. The order in which the two bases are placed within a compound is rigidly fixed in Modern English and it is the second IC that makes the head-member of the word, i.e. its structural and semantic centre. The head-member is of basic importance as it ‘preconditions both the lexico-grammatical and semantic features of the first component.

The meaning of the compound is derived not only from the combined lexical meanings of its components, but also from the meaning signalled by the patterns of the order and arrangement of its ICs. The semantic centre(2слова) of the compound is the lexical meaning of the second component modified and restricted by the meaning of the first.

There are different classifications of compound words:

1. From the point of view of degree of semantic independence: coordinative compounds – the two ICs are semantically equally important (oak-tree, girl-friend, Anglo-American); and subordinative compounds - the components are neither structurally nor semantically equal in importance but are based on the domination of the head-member which is, as a rule, the second IC. The second IC thus is the semantically and grammatically dominant part of the word, which preconditions the part-of-speech meaning of the whole compound as in stone-deaf, age-long which are obviously adjectives, a wrist-watch, road-building, a baby-sitter which are nouns.

2. From part of speech they form: compound words are found in all parts of speech, but the bulk of compounds are nouns and adjectives. Each part of speech is characterised by its set of derivational patterns and their semantic variants.

3. From the point of view of the means by which the components are joined together compound words may be classified into: words formed by merely placing one constituent after another in a definite order; compound words whose ICs are joined together with a special linking-element — the linking vowels [ou] and occasionally [i] and the linking consonant [s/z] — which is indicative of composition as in, e.g., speedometer, tragicomic, statesman SINTACTIC;ASINTACTIC?without linking)

Compounds may be also classified according to the nature of the bases: Compounds properDOGHOUSE are formed by joining together bases built on the stems. Derivational compounds, e.g. long-legged, three-cornered, a break-down, a pickpocket, those that have derivational affixes in their structure – blue-eyed, golden-haired, film-goer, lady-killer).

4. 4) The description of compound words through the correlation with variable word-groups makes it possible to classify them into four major classes: adjectival-nominal (snow-white, age-long, care-free), verbal-nominal (office-management, price-reduction, wage-cut, hand-shake), nominal (windmill, horse-race, pencil-case) and verb-adverb compounds (break-down, runaway, castaway).

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