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Consonants in context




The point is that the ideal definition does not always fit a consonant produced in a particular phonetic environment. Let us have a look at the facts. We will first consider the behaviour of voiced and voiceless consonants in the initial position (the beginning of a syllable, of a word) and then in the final position (the end of a word, of an utterance); then we will see what happens to them when they appear close to each other, in combinations of two or three called clusters.

initial voiced consonants are pronounced as voiceless: bin is actually [pin];

• initial voiceless /p/, /t/, /k/ are pronounced as aspirated voiceless: pin is actually [phin];

• after /s/ the oral stops /p/, /t/, /k/ are not aspirated, as in spin, still, skill, so in the first word we hear [spin];

• all utterance final consonants are longer than initial ones: cf. pin, nip [pm - nip], ten, net [ten - net], bob [bob], Dad [daed];

• final voiceless consonants /p, t, k, tj/ are longer than voiced /b, d, g, d^y.bet, bed [bet - bed];

• final voiced consonants are only partially voiced, i. e. partially devoiced, so bed is actually [bedtt]; also devoiced before a voiceless: add two;

• syllable-final oral stops /p/, /t/, /k/ are (pre)glottalized: stop [stn?p], spot [spD?t], lock [htfk];

• after /p/, /t/, /k/ the approximants /w, r, 1/ are at least partially de- voice&.place, cry, try, twin.

There is only one case of a voiceless consonant pronounced as voiced between two vowels but it concerns only American English flap [t] in better. To summarize the voiced/voiceless distinctions in English: The phonetic facts show that English voiced consonants tend to be fully devoiced in the initial position and partially devoiced in the final one. English voiceless consonants tend to be longer in the final position; in addition to that English voiceless oral stops are reinforced and, therefore, made longer, by aspiration in the initial position and by a glottal stop in the final position. In combination with consonants /p, t, k/ approximants (voiced consonants) also tend to be devoiced.

Other features of English consonants which are due to the phonetic context are:

• alveolar consonants /t, d, s, z, n, 1/ are pronounced as dentals before dental [9] and [3]: in the, at the, add the, take the, what's that;

• velar stops become more front before a front vowel: key, get, cap, gap;

• alveolar /t/ turns into a glottal stop before a nasal velar /n/: button [Ьл?п];

• alveolar consonants are reduced or omitted between two consonants: mos(t) people, I expec(t) so;

• alveolar consonants can also be added after a nasal before a voiceless fricative in an unstressed syllable (this is called epinthesis): some(p)thing, and some people do not distinguish between tens and tents;

• nasals /m, n/ and the lateral approximant /1/ become syllabic at the end of a word when after a consonant: written, rhythm, middle— [ritn], [ndm], [midl];

• /1/ is velarised at the end of a word or before a consonant: e.g. sell, sold;

• stops are unexploded when they precede another stop: add two, apt.




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