Coordination

Subordination

Predication

Predication is such a type of syntactic bond in which the syntactic function of the whole group differs from the syntactic function of its IC.
E.g. complex object

His joke made melaugh.

subjectival predicatival

Subordination is such a type of syntactic bond when the syntactic function of the whole group coincide with the syntactic function of one the IC but differs from the other.

E.g. Subject

Hisjoke made me laugh.

attribute subject

Coordination is such a type of syntactic bond when the syntactic function of the whole group coincides with the syntactic function of each of its IC.

E.g. predicative

He was tired and hungry.

predicative predicative

Means of expression of syntactic bonds

They are subdivided into synthetic (unproductive) and analytical (productive).

The first synthetic means is agreement or control, the second is government.

Agreement is a combination of subordinating and subordinated words by means of the morphological categories they both share.
E.g. He writes plays.

This lesson. These lessons.

Government means the use of a certain form of the subordinated words required by its headword but not coinciding in form with the head word.

E.g. Give me this book.

Peter’s book.

Analytical means: word order, functional words and detachment.

Word order is the leading means, because in English there are few inflections. It helps to establish correct syntactic bonds within a sentence. In word order we find joining and enclosure.
Joining exists between an adverb and its head word. An adverb has no such grammatical categories which would allow it to agree with another word or to be governed by it.
E.g. It happened unexpectedly.

Enclosure takes place when some element of the phrase is enclosed between 2 parts of another element.

E.g. On the sport investigation.

Prepositions and conjunctions belong to functional words.

As for the detachment, some grammarians look upon it as loosening of syntactic bonds.

E.g. She said silent. – predicate.

She said, silent. – detachment.

The phrase is a group unit formed by any combination of 2 or more notional words which doesn’t constitute a sentence (Barkhudarov).

The phrase is a group unit formed by any combination of 2 or more words in which neither of the elements can be transformed or substituted in its position by a word of another class or subclass (Ilyish, Burlakova).

The second definition is much wider, because it includes not only phrases consisting of notional words, but also prepositional phrases, predicative phrases with finite verbs.

The main types of phrases

According to the type of syntactic bond existing between immediate constituents, the main types are:

1. Subordinate. E.g. fond of reading; writing a letter

2. Coordinate. E.g. sooner or later; brother and sisters

3. Predicative. E.g. for you to go; for time permitting

Subordinate phrases usually consist of the head, which is an independent element, and an adjunct, which is a dependent constituent.

Subordinate phrases are subdivided into several groups into:

1. Noun phrases. E.g. a sleepless night.

2. Verb phrases. E.g. worked hard.

3. Adjective phrases. E.g. rich in oil.

4. Pronominal phrases. E.g. some more weak students.

5. Adverbial phrases. E.g. very well.

6. Participial & gerundial phrases. E.g. wasting the time.

According to their structure phrases are divided into:

1. simple or unextended, which usually consist of 2 notional words.
E.g. cold water, quite near

2. complex or extended, consisting of more than 2 notional words.
E.g. He ran hastily downstairs. – parental extension.
very cold water – continuing extension.

According to the place of the elements phrases can be continuous and discontinuous.

E.g. very warm wind – continuous.

“I’m ready”, said the boy cheerfully. – discontinuous.

Subordinate verb phrases occupy some specific place in the syntactic structure in modern English due to wide valency of the verb. There are 3 subclasses of the verb phrases.

1. The head of which can be expressed by transitive words. Adjuncts in such phrases are called objective compliments.
E.g. To read a good book was pleasure.

2. The head of which can be expressed only by intransitive verbs. Adjuncts in such phrases are called qualifying compliments.
E.g. She remained silent.

3. The head of which can be expressed by transitive and intransitive words. Adjuncts in such phrases are called extensions.
E.g. She regarded him fixedly.

Coordinate phrases

The main feature is the same syntactic function of their immediate constituents. It may be tested by the ability of any constituent to substitute the whole phrase.

E.g. They drove slowly in silence.

The means of expressing of syntactic bonds of coordinate phrase are 3 in number.

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