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Preface
PART III. PART II. PART I Lecture 1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OLD ENGLISH PERIOD……………………………………………………………………………….6 Lecture 2. PHOHOLOGICAL SYSTEM………………………………………...10 Lecture 3. MORPHOLOGY. PARTS OF SPEECH…………………………......17 Lecture 4. VERBS…………………………………………………………………..26 Lecture 5. SYNTAX AND WORD STOCK……………………………….....37 Lecture 6. THE MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD.GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS……………………………………………………………….44 Lecture 7. MIDDLE ENGLISH PHONETICAL SYSTEM………………………...51 Lecture 8. MORPHOLOGY………………………………………………………...58 Lecture 9. VERBS…………………………………………………………………..64 Lecture 10. SYNTAX AND VOCABULARY……………………………………...76 Lecture 11. THE MAKING OF THE NATIONAL LANGUAGE…………………82 Lecture 12. THE NEW ENGLISH PERIOD EVOLUTION OF THE LITERARY ENGLISH LANGUAGE……………………………...……………………………..86 Lecture 13. CHANGES IN THE SYSTEM OF NEW ENGLISH PHONEMES………….94 Lecture 14. ALTERATIONS IN NEW ENGLISH GRAMMAR……………………...104 Lecture 15. REGIONAL VARIETIES OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE……………113 LITERATURE ………………………………………………………………………...125
There can never be a moment of the Wilhelm von Humboldt. Lehrmann.
Language change is a topic which, perhaps more than most others, spreads itself With the help of it you can judge where our evidence comes from, how changes The extent to which the English language has changed in the past thousand years Sōþlice his yldra sunu wæs on æcere; and h ē cōm, and þā h ē þam hūse gen ē alæhte, he gehỹrde þæne sw ē g and þæt wered. Part of the difficulty of this lies in an amount of unfamiliar words: þ a "when, then", gen ē alæhte "approached", sw ē g "noise", wered "multitude, band"; these are all words that have died out from the language. The passage also differs from present-day English in the way words change their The normal word for "was" is wæs, as in the sentence but there is also a form wære (the so called subjunctive form). The passage also differs from present-day English in word-order. Translated literally word for word, it runs as follows: Indeed, this elder son was on field; and he came, and when he the house Then we see different types of word-order, different arrangements of Subject-Verb-Object. Some clauses have the normal present-day order of S-V-O: He gehỹrde þæne sw ē g / He heard the noice. Yet other clauses have the order S-O-V: þā h ē þam hūse gen ē alæhte / when he the house approached The English language, then, has changed enormously in the last thousand years. Pronunciation has changes. Taken all together, these changes add up to a major These lectures can be helpful to fill in the gap in your knowledge of the English language, to find the answers for some vital questions about Modern English spelling and pronunciation and to follow the transformation of a synthetic-typed Old English into its analytical-typed modern counterpart.
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