Barbarisms

Poeticisms

Mostly used in poetry. To identify them: by stylistic labels – highly liter, lit., poet.

1. words of French and Latin origin clothesàgarment. Birches in their spring garment. Attire – наряд

2. poetic terms used only in poetry: steed, the eye of heavenß sun, the welkinß the sky; meadßmeadow (как злато-золото) – omission of a part of a word

3. compound words: night-long eyes

They are used

1. in poetry, to embellish the expression of an idea, (in The Bells by E Poe the word tintennabulation (изящный перезвон) But not all poets use poeticisms

2. in inappropriate contexts (in the casual setting or spoken variety) abode_{highly liter}ßhouse – обитель, welcome to my humble abode –is used as a means of creating humor

words of foreign origin but which have not been fully assimilated and which have retained their foreign appearance chic – stylish. Chef – head cook, bon mot – a clever, witty saying, nee – maiden name

1. foreign words – entirely alien to the eng language. They don’t belong to the eng vocabulary. In the text they are generally italicized

2. terminological borrowings kolkhoz, kaphtan, tsar;, international musical terms solo, tenor – belong to literally bookish style.

Their functions:

1. supply local colour, to keep up the atmosphere. It is not always important to know the translation of these words. They also show local traditions, food, customs, habits. (in stories, fiction)

2. characterize personages through their speech. People who use barbarisms are intelligent., well-educated. Polished speech. They also add to the speaker a touch of authority in public speeches.

3. exactifying function of barbarisms is based on monosemantic character. au revoir – good bye; it has become a formal expression/ mea culpa – my fault., a formal statement made in the roman church admitting that they have sinned. Can be used by politicians. Sometimes in a humorous context.

Literally coinages (неологизмы) and nonce-words (авторские неологизмы).

Literally coinages are newly coined words which are created by journalists, poets and writers. They are fresh words, meant to suit one particular occasion. If the word is not accepted by the English speaking community, it remains a kind of nonce-word which is used by a particular author on a particular occasion. (like Mayakovskiy’s молоткастый, серпастый советский паспорт) But if the word is accepted it retains its freshness and novelty until it gets fixed in dictionaries and becomes a fact of the language. For example,this was the case with the word stardom –used in the meaning of ‘glory’ in the headline of an article ‘From Obscurity to Stardom. Explain it.

Кухаренко considered the term “occasionalism” better suited to these group of words.

They appear by means of word-building

Affixation	Other means of word-building
suffixes	prefixes	Con version	blending	compound words
-ness, -ise, -dom, - hood. New-Zealandness, villagise, sisterhood	UN-   Anti – anti-everything. Anti-hero	to wild (as a verb) in The young men are wilding   I am wived it Texas, mother-in-lawed, uncled, aunted Nonce -w     The haves The have-nots	Parts of 2 words are put together: Oxbridge (Oxbridge students – students of the two best British universities); Emoticon(emotion + icon):) (sth that makes you smile   frienemy	a mouse-potato (sb who sits at the computer all the time), couch- potato (sb on pension, watching TV and channel surfing) Words formed by analogy with commonly used words: to house- sit, ← to baby-sit Screenagers - similar to ←teenagers -young people who spend much of their time watching TV, sitting at their computers, using their mobile phones)

Used to provide freshness and novelty of expression. Many of them bear a touch of humour: surface knowingness, ’The Smashingest birthday’ – the headline of an article about one hundredth birthday of the Mother Queen. They are usually used to attract the readers’ attention in mass media: headlines of articles, in slogans of advertisements, in poetry and some books of emotive prose.

Дата добавления: 2014-01-14