Согласование времен в главном и придаточном предложениях

В английском сложноподчиненном предложении с придаточным дополнительным (вопрос «что?», «кто?», «чего?» и т. д.) соблюдаются правила согласования времен в главном и придаточном предложениях. Эти правила сводятся к следующему:

1. Если глагол-сказуемое главного предложения стоит в настоящем или будущем времени, то глагол-сказуемое придаточного дополнительного предложе­ния может стоять в любой временной форме, требуе­мой смыслом, например:

Не says you are right. — Он говорит, что ты прав. Не will tell why he was not at school yesterday. — Он скажет, почему он не был в школе вчера.

2. Если глагол-сказуемое главного предложения стоит в прошедшем времени (обычно — в Past Indefinite), то и глагол дополнительного придаточного пред­ложения должен стоять в одном из прошедших времен, в том числе — в будущем с точки зрения прошед­шего (Future in the Past).

He said he would not g o to school tomorrow. — Он сказал, что не пойдет в школу завтра.

При этом для обозначения действия, одновремен­ного с действием, выраженным сказуемым главного

предложения, употребляется Past Continuous (в рус­ском языке — настоящее время) или Past Indefinite.

Не told me he was preparing for his exam.. — Он ска­зал мне, что готовится к экзамену.

Для обозначения действия, предшествующего дей­ствию, выраженному сказуемым главного предложе­ния, обычно употребляется Past Perfect. На русский язык глагол-сказуемое придаточного в данном случае переводится глаголом в прошедшем времени:

/ didn't know he had left for Moscow. — Я не знал, что он уехал в Москву.

При указании определенного времени (in 1980, yesterday) предшествующее время выражается при помощи Past Indefinite. Например: / thought you were born in 1980.

Для выражения будущего времени с точки зрения прошедшего времени употребляется форма Future in the Past где вспомогательный глагол will меняется на would, которая на русский язык переводится будущим временем:

Не told me that he would meet me at the college. — Он сказал мне, что встретит меня в колледже.

Задание 11.1. Составьте предложения, используя слова из колонок.

Не thinks he would go to Moscow tomorrow. He said that he will be an engineer. He says he knows mathematics well.

He thought he would be a good specialist.

he has translated the text.

he had passed his exams.

he knew English well.

Задание 11.2. Поставьте глаголы в нужную времен­ную форму, соблюдая правило согласования времен. Переведите предложения.

1.1 did not know that you already (to read) this book 2. He did it better than we (to expect). 3. He said that the bus (to be) here soon. 4. He told us that he (to do) this work himself 5. They decided that they (to bring) us all the books we need. 6. He said that he (can) not do it with­out my help. 7. I decided that next year I (to go) to the Black Sea coast. 8. It was decided that we (to begin) our work at eight o'clock. 9.1 told them that I (to leave) for Minsk next day. 10. The boy did not know that he already (to receive) a good mark. 11. The students wanted to know when they (to pass) their examinations. 12. We saw that our teacher just (to go out) and he (to come back) soon. 13. He said we (may) keep the books as long as we (to like). 14. We knew that he not (to be able) to make his work in time and (to decide) to help him. 15. We understood at once that this control work (to be) a difficult one.

Задание 11.3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

LONDON

London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic and commercial centre. It is one of the largest cities in the world and the largest city in Europe. Its pop­ulation is about 8 million.

London is situated on the river Thames. The city is very old. It has more than 20 centuries old history. Tra­ditionally it is divided into several parts, the City, West­minster, the West End and the East, End. They are very different from each other.

The City is the oldest part of London, its financial and business centre. Numerous banks, offices and firms are

concentrated here. Few people live in the City but over a million come to work here. There are two places of inter­est in the City: St. Paul's Cathedral and the Tower of London. St. Paul's Cathedral was built in the 17th cen­tury by the architect Christopher Wren. The Tower of London was built in the 15th century. It was used as a fortress, a palace and a prison. Now it's a museum.

Westminster is the aristocratic official part of Lon­don. There are Buckingham Palace where the Queen lives and the Houses of Parliament along the north bank of the Thames.

The clock tower of the Houses of Parliament is famous for its big hour bell known as «Big Ben». Westminster Abbey is the place where the coronation of nearly all kings and queens has taken place. Many of them are buried here as well as some other famous people of the country.

The West End is the richest and most beautiful part of London. The best hotels, restaurants, shops, clubs, parks and houses are situated there. There are many tour­ists there from different countries of the world.

Trafalgar Square is the geographical centre of Lon­don, it was named in the memory of Admiral Nelson's victory in the battle of Trafalgar in 1805. The tall Nel­son's Column stands in the middle of the square.

The East End is an industrial district of London. There are many factories there. The region is densely populat­ed by working class families.

Дата добавления: 2014-11-06