Operating systems

When computers were first introduced in the 1940's and 50's, every program written had to provide instruc­tions that told the computer how to use devices such as the printer, how to store information on a disk, as well as how to perform several other tasks not necessarily related to the program. The additional program instruc­tions for working with hardware devices were very com­plex, and time-consuming. Programmers soon realized it would be smarter to develop one program that could control the computer's hardware, which others programs could have used when they needed it. With that, the first operating system was born.

Today, operating systems control and manage the use of hardware devices such as the printer or mouse. They also provide disk management by letting you store infor­mation in files. The operating system also lets you run programs such as the basic word processor. Lastly, the operating system provides several of its own commands that help you to use the computer.

DOS is the most commonly used PC operating system. ' DOS is an abbreviation for disk operating system. DOS: was developed by a company named Microsoft. MS-DOS \ is an abbreviation for «Microsoft DOS». When IBM first - \ released the IBM PC in 1981, IBM licensed DOS from "* Microsoft for use on the PC and called it PC-DOS. From the users perspective, PC-DOS and MS-DOS are the same, each providing the same capabilities and commands.

The version of DOS release in 1981 was 1.0. Over the past decade, DOS has undergone several changes. Each time the DOS developers release a new version, they in­crease the version number.

Windows NT (new technology) is an operating system developed by Microsoft. NT is an enhanced version of the popular Microsoft Windows 3.0, 3.1 programs. NT re­quires a 386 or greater and 8 Mb of RAM. For the best NT performance, you have to use a 486 with about 16 Mb or higher. Unlike the Windows, which runs on top of DOS, Windows NT is an operating system itself. Howev­er, NT is DOS compatible. The advantage of using NT over Windows is that NT makes better use of the PC's memory management capabilities.

OS/2 is a PC operating system created by IBM. Like NT, OS/2 is DOS compatible and provides a graphical user interface that lets you run programs with a click of a mouse. Also like NT, OS/2 performs best when you are using a powerful system.

Many IBM-based PCs are shipped with OS/2 prein-stalled.

UNIX is a multi-user operating system that allows multiple users to access the system. Traditionally, UNIX was run on a larger mini computers to which users ac­cessed the systems using terminals and not PC's. UNIX allowed each user to simultaneously run the programs they desired. Unlike NT and OS/2, UNIX is not DOS com­patible. Most users would not purchase UNIX for their own use.

Windows 95 & 98 are the most popular user-orient­ed operating systems with a friendly interface and multitasking capabilities. The usage of Windows 95 and its enhanced version Windows 98 is so simple that even lit­tle kids learn how to use it very quickly. Windows 95 and 98 are DOS compatible, so all programs written for DOS may work under the new operating system. Win­dows 95 requires 486 with 16 megabytes of RAM or Pentium 75-90 with 40 megabytes of free hard disk space.

Working vocabulary (В ваш словарь):

complex — сложный

to consume — потреблять

consumer — потребитель

to realize — осознать

smart — умный, умно

decade — декада, десятилетие

version — версия

to enhance — расширять, увеличивать

top — верх, вершина

on top of DOS — «сверху», на основе ДОС

compatible — совместимый

with a click of a mouse — одним нажатием кнопки мыши

access — доступ

to allow — позволять

multiple users — многочисленные пользователи

simultaneously — одновременно

to desire — желать

to ship — поставлять, доставлять

General understanding (Общее понимание текста):

1) What problems faced programmers in the 1940's andl950's?

2) Why first programs were «complex» and «timeconsuming»?

3) What are the basic functions of operating system?

4) What does DOS abbreviation means?

5) What company developed the first version of DOS operating system? For what purpose? Was the new oper­ational system successful?

6) What is the difference between the PC-DOS and MS-DOS?

7) What does the abbreviation NT stand for? Is it DOS-compatible? What are the basic requirements for NT?

8) Who is the developer of OS/2?

9) What makes UNIX so different from the other op­erational systems?

10)What are the remarkable features of Windows 95?

Задание 16.8. Заполните пропуски:

1) Like NT,... is DOS compatible and provides a graph­ical user interface that lets you run programs with a click of a mouse.

2)... is the most commonly used PC operating system 3)... is a multi-user operating system that allows mul­tiple users to access the system

4)... is an operating system developed by Microsoft, an enhanced version of the popular Microsoft Windows programs.

5)The usage of... is so simple that even little kids learn how to use it very quickly.

a) UNIX

b) DOS

c) c)NT

d)OS/2

e) Windows 95

Задание 16.9. Какие из приведенных ниже утвер­ждений верны/неверны? Аргументируйте свой ответ, опираясь на текст.

1) When computers were first introduced in 40s and 50's programmers had to write programs to instruct CD-ROMs, laser printers and scanners.

2) The operational system control and manage the use of the hardware and the memory usage.

3) There are no commands available in operating sys­tems, only word processors.

4) Microsoft developed MS-DOS to compete with IBM's PC-DOS.

5) NT requires computers with 486 CPU and 16 M ran­dom access memory.

6) OS/2 is DOS compatible because it was developedby Microsoft.

7) Traditionally, UNIX was run by many users simultaneously

8) Windows 95 and Windows 98 are DOS compatible and have very «friendly» and convenient interface.

Задание 16.10. Найдите эквиваленты в тексте:

1) Современная операционные системы контроли­руют использование системного оборудования, напри­мер, принтера и мыши.

2) С точки зрения пользователя, операционные си­стемы PC-DOS и MS-DOS идентичны, с равными возможностями и набором системных команд.

3) OS/2 — DOS совместимая операционная систе­ма, позволяющая запускать программы при помощи
графического интерфейса пользователя.

4) Дополнительные программы для работы с уст­ройствами системного оборудования были очень слож­ны и поглощали много времени.

5) Операционная система также позволяет запус­кать программы, такие как простейший текстовый редактор.

6) DOS — наиболее распространенная операцион­ная система для персонального компьютера.

INTRODUCTION TO THE WWW AND THE INTERNET

Millions of people around the world use the Internet to search for and retrieve information on all sorts of top­ics in a wide variety of areas including the arts, business, government, humanities, news, politics and recreation. People communicate through electronic mail (e-mail), discussion groups, chat channels and other means of in­formational exchange They share information and make commercial and business transactions. All this activity is possible because tens of thousands of networks are con­nected to the Internet and exchange information in the same basic ways.

The World Wide Web (WWW) is a part of the Inter­net. But it's not a collection of networks. Rather, it is information that is connected or linked together like a web. You access this information through one interface or tool called a Web browser.\The number of resources and services that are part of the World Wide Web is grow­ing extremely fast. In 1996 there were more than 20 mil­lion users of the WWW, and more than half the infor­mation that is transferred across the Internet is accessed through the WWW. By using a computer terminal (hard­ware) connected to a network that is a part of the Inter­net, and by using a program (software) to browse or re­trieve information that is a part of the World Wide Web, the people connected to the Internet and World Wide Web through the local providers have access to a variety of information. Each browser provides a graphical inter­face. You move from place to place, from site to site on the Web by using a mouse to click on a portion of text, icon or region of a map. These items are called hyper­links or links. vEach link you select represents a docu­ment, an image, a video clip or an audio file somewhere on the Internets. The user doesn't need to know where it is, the browser follows the link.

All sorts of things are available on the WWW. One can use Internet for recreational purposes. Many TV and radio stations broadcast live on the WWW. Essentially, if something can be put into digital format and stored in a computer, then it's available on the WWW. You can even visit museums, gardens, cities throughout the world, learn foreign languages and meet new friends. And of course you can play computer games through WWW, competing with partners from other countries and continents.

Just a little bit of exploring the World Wide Web will show you what a much of use and fun it is.

Working vocabulary (В ваш словарь):

retrieve — извлекать

variety — спектр

recreation — развлечение

network — сеть

share — делить

humanities — гуманитарные науки

business transaction — коммерческие операции

web — паутина

browser — броузер (прграмма поиска информации)

to provide — обеспечивать чем-либо

provider — провайдер (компания, предоставляю­щая доступ к WWW через местные телефонные сети) broadcast live — передавать в прямом эфире site — страница, сайт to link — соединять hyperlink — гиперссылка to compete — соревноваться access — доступ

General understanding (Общее понимание текста):

1) What is Internet used for?

2) Why so many activities such as e-mail and business transactions are possible through the Internet?

3) What is World Wide Web?

4) What is a Web browser?

5) What does user need to have an access to the WWW?

6) What are hyperlinks? ⁺*7) What resources are available on the WWW?

8) What are the basic recreational applications of WWW?

Задание 17.1. Какие из приведенных ниже утвер­ждений верны / неверны? Аргументируйте свой от­вет, опираясь на текст.

1) There are still not so many users of the Internet.

2) There is information on all sorts of topics on the internet, including education and weather forecast.

3) People can communicate through e-mail and chat programs only.

4) Internet is a tens of thousands of networks which exchange the information in the same basic way.

5) You can access information available on the World Wide Web through the Web browser.

6) You need a computer (hardware) and a special pro­gram (software) to be a WWW user.

7) You move from site to site by clicking on a portion of text only.

8) Every time the user wants to move somewhere on the web he/she needs to step by step enter links and addresses.

9) Films and pictures are not available on the Internet.

10) Radio and TV.-broadcasting is a future of Inter­net. It's not available yet.

Задание 17.2. Дайте определение, используя сло­варь:

1) Internet

2) World Wide Web

3) Web browser

4) Internet provider

5) Hyperlinks

Задание 17.3. Найдите эквиваленты в тексте:

Л) Объем ресурсов и услуг, которые являются час­тью WWW растет чрезвычайно быстро.

2) Каждая ссылка, выбранная вами представляет документ, графическое изображение, видеоклип или аудио-файл где-то в Интернет.

3) Интернет может быть также использован для целей развлечения.

4) Вы получаете доступ к ресурсам интернет через интерфейс или инструмент, который называется веб-броузер.

5) Вся эта деятельность возможна благодаря десят­кам тысяч компьютерных сетей, подключенных к Интернету и обменивающихся информацией в одном режиме.

6) Пользователи общаются через электронную по­чту, дискуссионные группы, чэт-каналы (многока­нальный разговор в реальном времени) и другие сред­ства информационного обмена.

Задание 17.4. Заполните пропуски:

1) You access the information through one interface or tool called a...

2) People connected to the WWW through the local... have access to a variety of information.

3) The user doesn't need to know where the site is, the... follows the...

4) In 1996 there were more than 20 million users of the... Each... provides a graphical interface.

5) Local... charge money for their services to access... resources.

Words to match with:

1) Web browser, providers, link, WWW.

Приложение 1

Дата добавления: 2014-11-06