Ivanhoe

The famous English writer Walter Scott (1771 — 1832) is the founder of the historical novel in English literature. He was greatly interested in the past of his country and studied it by documents, history and legends.

Among the historical novels of Waiter Scott Ivanhoe is one of the best. It describes the even ts of the 12th century during the reign of Richard I the Zion-Hearted. The power in England at that time was in. the hands of the Normans, who oppressed the native Anglo-Saxon population. There were serious conflicts between the Anglo-Saxon nobility and the Normans. In his novel Walter Scott wanted to show how, as years passed, the Anglo-Saxons and the Normans became one nation.

In that pleasant district of merry England which lies on both sides of the river Don, in old times there was a large forest. Parts of this forest still exist. It was the home of the brave outlaws, who were so popular.

Our story describes the time towards the end of the reign of Richard I, when he was abroad. The barons, in the king's absence, strengthened their castles and acted like little kings. Prince John, the king's brother, with the help of the barons, tried to seize the tftrone. Common people were cruelly oppressed.

A hundred years had passed since the Conquest of England by-Duke William of Normandy. But in these hundred years the language and the interests of the Normans and Anglo-Saxons were not yet united. These two peoples remained enemies. Only a few of the Saxon princes were still masters of the land which had belonged to their fathers. After the Conquest, William the Conqueror had taken the greater part of the land from its Saxon owners and given it to the Norman barons. At court and in the castles of the great nobles Norman-French was the only language spoken. Anglo-Saxon was spoken only by common people and the few remaining Saxon nobles who had not yet bent under the Norman rule.

The sun was setting upon one of the glades of that forest which we have spoken about. There were two men in the glade. The elder of these men had a serious look. He was wearing a long shirt made of the skin of some animal, and reaching down to his knees. On his feet he had sandals. Round his neck there was a metal ring, like a dog's collar; on the ring there were such words: «Gurth», the born slave of Cedric of Rotherwood». Gurth was a swineherd.

The other man was sitting on the ground beside Gurth. He looked about ten years younger. His clothes, in form, were like those of his companion, but his shirt was of better materials and of brighter colours. Over his shirt he was wearing a short red cloak. Round his neck there^ was a collar of the same metal, with these words: «Wamba the born slave of Cedric of Rotherwood». On his head he had a cap with bells round it. This cap, and his bright clothes, showed that he was a domestic jester.

The swineherd looked serious and sad. Wamba's eyes were merry. The two men were talking in Anglo-Saxon, ui-iuivjuiuMi' С

which, as we said before, was spoken by all common people, except the Norman soldiers. Gurth, with the help of his dog, was trying to gather his swine together, but could not.

«Stand up, Wamba, if you are a man», he said, «and help me, or wolves on two legs will catch some of them before night».

«Really», said Wamba without standing up, «I have asked my legs, and they think that it is not good for me to run about and cover my wonderful clothes with dust. That's why, Gurth, Г advise you to leave the herd alone: because if they meet a group of travelling soldiers, or of outlaws, the only thing that can happen to them is that they will be turned into Normans before morning».

«The swine will be turned into Normans!» repeated Gurth. «Explain that to me, Wamba, I don't understand you».

«Why, what do you call these animals which are running about on-their four legs?» asked Wamba.

«Swine, fool, swine», said the herd, «every fool knows that». «And swine is a good Anglo-Saxon word», said the jester; «but what do you call the swine when it is killed and washed and cut into pieces and cooked?» «Pork», answered the swineherd.

«I am very glad every fool knows that too», said Wamba, «and pork, I think, is a Norman-French word. And so, when this animal lives, and a Saxon slave takes care of it, it goes by its Anglo-Saxon name; but when it is carried to the dinner-table in the castle, it becomes a Norman and is called pork, what do you think of this, friend Gurth, ha?» «It is true, friend Wamba. How did it get into your fool's head?» «I can tell you more», said Wamba in the same tone; «the old Ox goes by its Anglo-Saxon name while serfs like you take care of it; but becomes a Norman and is called Beef when it arrives at table».

«You speak sad truths», answered Gurth. «Little is left to us, except the air which we breathe. All that is best goes to the Normans» our bravest men become their soldiers and go to die in distant lands; very few remain here who have either the will or the power to protect the poor Saxons. God bless our Master Cedric; he always stands by us. Here, here! Well done!» he exclaimed, as his dog appeared driving the swine before it. «You have gathered all of them now! Now, quick, Wamba, because a terrible storm of thunder and lightning is coming. Let's hurry home before the storm begins, because the night will be terrible».

Gurth and Wamba were soon overtaken by a group of ten horsemen, two of which seemed to be important persons, and the others their servants,

One of the important persons was a monk of high rank dressed in rich clothes. His companion was a man over forty, thin, strong and tall, with a very sunburnt face. He had a long red cloak over his shoulders, with a white cross on it. Under it he was wearing a chain.

In the first of the two horsemen Gurth and Wamba recognized Prior Ayrner, of the nearest Abbey, a rich Norman, well-known in the neighborhood. But they did not know his companion and were surprised that he looked half a monk, half a soldier.

«My children», said the Prior to Gurth and Wamba, «we are looking for a place where we and our servants

could spend the night. Can you show us the way to the house of Cedric the Saxon?»

«It will be difficult to find the road», said Gurth, «and the family of Cedric go to bed early».

«You must tell us the way», said the Prior. «This reverend brother is of the order of Knights Templars; he is half a monk, half a soldier. He has been afl his life fighting with the Saracens. It will soon be night, and we are tired and hungry».

«Well, then», said Wamba, «you must ride along this path till you come to a cross; four paths, meet at that cross; you take the path to the left, and I think you will reach the house of Cedric of Rotherwood before the storm begins».

The Prior thanked him, and the group rode quickly on. When they disappeared, Gurth said to Wamba, «If they go as you have told them, I think they will not reach Rotherwood this night». «I think not», said Wamba smiling, «and it will be good». «You are right», said Gurth. «It will be bad enough if Prior Ayrner sees the Lady Ro-wena, and it will be worse if Cedric quarrels with this military monk».

As the horsemen were moving on, they talked in Norman-French, the language used by the upper classes.

«What do you call the man to whose house we are riding?» said the Templar to his companion.

«Cedric of Rotherwood», answered the Prior, «and remember: he is very proud. He stands up for his Saxons' so sternly, that he is called by everybody Cedric the Saxon».

«This Lady Rowena, his daughter, is very beautiful, I think?» said the Templar.

«Cedric is not her father», replied the Prior, «she is his distant relation; he is her guardian, and loves her as his own child. She is really very beautiful, you will see it yourself. But be careful, brother Brian», how you look at Rowena and how you talk to her: if Cedric the Saxon does not like it, we are lost men. People say that he turned his own son out of the house because the young¹ man fell in love with her. But here is the cross, and the night is so dark, that it is very difficult to see the paths. Which way did he tell us to turn? To the left?» «To the right», said Brian. «To the left, I think», said the Prior.

They were in a difficulty, but here they noticed a young man sleeping at the foot of the cross. They woke him up and asked if he could tell them the way to Rother-wood.

«I am going there myself», said the stranger. «I know the way very well, and if you give me a horse, I can be your guide».

A horse was given to the stranger, and he led the group along a path through the forest. The way was difficult, they had to cross some streams and turn in many places, but at last they came to a wide road, at the end of which they saw a large low building. The young man pointed to it and said, «ThisisRotherwood, the house of Cedric the Saxon».

Наречия места и направления: here — здесь, тут there — там somewhere — где-то, где-нибудь anywhere — везде, повсюду, где-нибудь nowhere — нигде inside — внутри outside — снаружи. down — внизу back — сзади, назад away — вдали, вон, прочь downward — вниз upward — вверх

Наречия времени: now — сейчас, теперь before — до, перед, прежде ever — когда-либо never — никогда always — всегда often — часто usually — обычно seldom — редко still — все-еще already — уже just — только-что, только yet — еще, уже sometimes — иногда today — сегодня tomorrow — завтра yesterday — вчера recently — недавно lately — в последнее время commonly — обычно

Наречия образа действия: slowly — медленно quickly — быстро easily — легко calmly — спокойно brightly — ярко hardly — с трудом, едва

Наречия меры и степени: much — много, сильно little — немного, мало enough — достаточно too — слишком almost — уже, почти very — очень

1 форма	2 форма	3 форма	4 форма	Перевод
to be	was/were	been	being	быть, находиться
to bear	bore	born	bearing	нести
to beat	beat	beaten	beating	бить
to begin	began	begun	beginning	начинать(ся)
to bend	bent	bent	bending	гнуть
to bind	bound	bound	binding	переплетать
to bite	bit	bitten/bit	biting	кусать
to blow	blew	blown	blowing	Дуть
to break	broke	broken	breaking	ломать
to bring	brought	brought	bringing	приносить
to build	built	built	building	строить
to buy	bought	bought	buying	покупать
to catch	caught	caught	catching	ловить
to choose	chosa.	chosen	choosing	выбирать
to cut	cut	cut	cutting	резать, рубить
to dive	dived/dove	dived	diving	нырять
to do	did	done	doing	делать
to draw	drew	drawn	drawing	рисовать, тащить
to drink	drank	drunk	drinking	пить
to drive	drove	driven	driving	вести
to eat	ate	eaten	eating	есть, кушать
to fall	fell	fallen	falling	падать
to feel	felt	felt	feeling	чувствовать
to feed	fed	fed	feeding	кормить
to fight	fought	fought	fighting	бороться, драться
to fly	flew	flown	flying	летать
to forbid	forbade	forbidden	forbidding	запрещать
to forget	forgot	forgotten	forgetting	забывать
to forgive	forgave	forgiven	forgiving	прощать
to freeze	froze	frozen	freezing	замораживать
to get	got	got	getting	получать, становиться
to give	gave	given	giving	давать
to go	went	gone	going'	идти, ехать
to grow	grew	grown	growing	расти, выращивать
to hang	hung	hung	hanging	висеть, вешать
to have	had	had	having	иметь
to hear	heard	heard	hearing	слышать
to hit	hit	hit	hitting	ударять
to hold	held	held	holding	держать
to hurt	hurt	hurt	hurting	повредить
to know	knew	known	knowing	знать
to lay	laid	laid	laying	накрывать
to lead	lead	lead	leading	вести
to leap	leapt/leaped	leapt/leaped	leaping	прыгать, скакать
to leave	left	left	leaving	покидать, оставлять
to lend	lent	lent	lending	давать взаймы
to let	let	let	letting	позволять
to lie	lay	lain	lying	лежать
to light	lit	lit	lighting	зажигать
to lose	lost	lost	losing	терять
to make	made	made	making	делать
to meet	met	met	meeting	встречать (ся)
to pay	paid	paid	paying	платить
to put	put	put	putting	класть, ставить
to read	read	read	reading	читать
to ride	rode	ridden	riding	ехать ^верхом)
to ring	rang	rung	ringing	звонить, звенеть
to rise	rose	risen	rising	поднимать
to run	ran	run	running	бежать
to say	said	said	saying	говорить, сказать
to see	saw	seen	seeing	видеть
to sell	sold	sold	selling	продавать
to send	sent	sent	sending	посьиать, отправлять
to shake	shook	shaken	shaking	трясти
to shine	shone	shone	shining	светить, сиять
to shoot	shot	shot	shooting	стрелять, снимать
to show	showed	shown	showing	показывать
to sing	sang.	sung	singing	петь
to sink	sank	sunk	sinking	тонуть
to sit	sat	sat	sitting	сидеть
to sleep	slept	slept	sleeping	спать
to speak	spoke	spoken	speaking	говорить, разговаривать
to spend	spent	spent	spending	тратить, проводить время
to stand	stood	stood	standing	стоять
to steal '	stole	stolen	stealing	воровать, украсть
to stick	stuck	stuck	sticking	прилипать
to strike	struck	struck	striking	бить, ударять
to swear	swore	sworn	swearing	клясться
to sweep	swept	swept	sweeping	мести, подметать
to swim	swam	swum	swimming	плавать
to take	took	taken	taking	взять, брать
to teach	taught	taught	teaching	учить, обучать
to tear	tore	torn	tearing	рвать
to tell	told	told	telling	сказать, сообщать
to think	thought	thought	thinking	думать
to throw	threw	thrown	throwing	бросать, кидать
to wake	woke	woken	waking	будить, просыпаться
to wear	wore	wakened	wearing	носить
to weep	wept	wept	weeping	плакать
to win	won	won	winning	побеждать, выигрывать
to write	wrote	written	writing	писать