GRAMMAR. 1.The Present Perfect употребляется для выражения действия, совершившегося к настоящему моменту, результат которого имеется налицо в настоящем времени

Perfects

1.The Present Perfect употребляется для выражения действия, совершившегося к настоящему моменту, результат которого имеется налицо в настоящем времени. Действие могло совершиться как непосредственно перед моментом речи, так и более отдаленное время в прошлом. При употреблении Present Perfect говорящий обращает внимание собеседника на результат, вытекающий из совершенного действия, а не на время его совершения. Наличие результата связывает совершившееся действие, выраженное Present Perfect, с настоящим.

I have broken my pencil Я сломал свой карандаш.

(Говорящий имеет в виду конкретный результат действия have broken, а именно, что карандаш сломан. Он мог бы это также выразить предложением: My pencil is broken. Мой карандаш сломан.)

2. В зависимости от значения глагола результат действия, выраженного в Present Perfect, может и не быть конкретным, как в приведенных примерах, а выражаться иным образом:

I have not read that book Я не читала этой книги.

(Говорящий хочет сообщить, что книга им не прочитана, т.е. что он не знает ее содержания. Он мог бы это выразить также предложением: I don’t know the contents of that book. Я не знаю содержания этой книги.)

3. Present Perfect употребляется для выражения как однократного действия, так и действия, повторявшегося несколько раз:

I have read that book twice. Я прочитал эту книгу дважды.

I have seen this film three times. Я видел этот фильм три раза.

Примечание. И Present Perfect и Past Simple соответствуют в русском языке прошедшему времени. Однако Past Simple и Present Perfect коренным образом отличаются друг от друга. Past Simple выражает действие, совершившееся в истекшем отрезке времени, констатирует факт совершения действия в прошлом. Поэтому Past Simple употребляется в повествовании. Present Perfect выражает действие, хотя и совершившееся в прошлом, но связанное с настоящим благодаря наличию его результата в настоящем времени. Поэтому Present Perfect употребляется не в повествовании, а в разговоре или сообщении, касающемся положения вещей в настоящее время.

Present Perfect	Past Simple
I have finished my work and am going home now. Я окончил свою работу и иду теперь домой. The manager has signed the letter. Can you post it at once? Заведующий подписал мое письмо. Не можете ли вы отправить его немедленно? - Has the steamer arrived? - No, it hasn’t - Пароход прибыл? - Нет.	I finished my work and went home. Я окончил свою работу и ушел домой. The manager signed letter, and I posted it at once. Заведующий подписал письмо, и я отправил его немедленно. - Did the steamer arrive yesterday? - No, it didn’t. - Пароход прибыл вчера? - Нет.

Сводка случаев употребления Present Perfect

1. Действие, результат которого имеется в настоящем (в русском языке соответствует прошедшему времени) 2. Вместо Present Perfect Continuous (в русском языке соответствует настоящему времени) 3. Будущее совершенное действие в придаточных предложениях времени и условия (в русском языке соответствует будущему времени)

I have written the letter; here it is.   I have know him for three years.     After I have read the book, I’ll give it to you.

Я написал письмо; вот оно.   Я знаю его три года.   После того, как я прочту эту книгу, я дам ее вам.

Exercise 1. Put in the correct verb for:

I’ve done (I/do) all the housework. The flat is really clean now.

A young couple bought (buy) the house next door. But they didn’t live there long.

1. Our visitors ………………………… (arrive). They’re sitting in the garden.

2. There’s still a problem with the television. Someone …………………………. (repair) it, but then it broke down again.

3. …………………………… (I/lose) my bank card. I can’t find it anywhere.

4. The match …………………………… (start). United are playing well.

5. My sister ……… (run) away from home. But she came back two days later.

6. Daniel …... (earn) some money last week. But I’m afraid he’s already spent it all.

7. ……………… (we/plant) an apple tree in the garden. Unfortunately it died.

8. Prices …………………… (go) up. Everything is more expensive this year.

9. Someone ……………………… (run) on the hi-fi. What’s that song called?

10. …………….. (I/phone) the office at eleven to speak to the manager, but he isn’t there today.

11. ………………………… (I/make) a cake. Would you like a piece?

12. The runner Amos Temila ……………….(break) the world record for the 1500 metres in Frankfurt. Then two days later in Helsinki, Lee Williams ran it in an even faster time.

Exercise 2. Things that have happened today are on the radio and TV news. Give the news using the present perfect and past simple:

the Prime Minister/visit Luton University/speak to students there/earlier today

The Prime Minister has visited Luton University. He spoke to students there earlier today.

1. the train drives / go on strike / stop work / at twelve o’clock

2. the Queen / arrive in Toronto / fly there / in an RAF aircraft

3. two men / escape from Parkhurst Prison / get away / during the night

4. the actor Howard Bates / die in a car accident / his car / crash into a wall

5. Linda Jones / win the women’s marathon / run it / in 2 hours 27 minutes.

Exercise 3. Complete this letter to a newspaper. Put in the present perfect or past simple:

A few days ago learned (learn) that someone plans to knock down the White Horse Inn. This pub has been (be) the centre of village life for centuries. It …………………………….. (stand) at our crossroads for 500 years. It ……………………………. (be) famous in the old days, and Shakespeare once ……………………………. (stay) there, they say. I ……………………………… (live) in Brickfield all my life. The villagers ………………………………… (know) about the plans for less than a week and already there’s a ‘Save our Pub’ campaign. Last week we …………………………………. (be) happy, but this week we’re angry. We will stop them, you’ll see.

Exercise 4. Put in this, last, today or yesterday:

Last month prices went up, but this month they have fallen a little.

1. It’s been dry so far ……………… week, but ………… week was very wet.

2. I went shopping earlier …………. and spent all the money I earned ……….

3. We didn’t have many visitors …….. year. We’ve had a lot more …… year.

4. I don’t feel so tired now. We got up quite late ……… morning. I left really tired …….. when we got up so early.

Exercise 5. Decide which word is correct:

I’d like to borrow this book. Has Anna read it yet?

a) done b) for c) just d) yet

1. Ben writes very quickly. He’s ……………… finished his essay.

a) already b) been c) for d) yet

2. What are you going to do? ~ I don’t know. I haven’t decided…………..

a) just b) long c) since d) yet

3. I’ve ……………………………. to London. I went there in June.

a) been b) gone c) just d) yet

4. Have you ………………………….. done any skiing?

a) ever b) for c) just d) long

5. My boyfriend hasn’t rung ………………………………. week.

a) for b) last c) since d) this

6. I haven’t seen that coat before. How ………………………. have you had it?

a) already b) for c) long d) since

7. The girls have ……… to the cinema. They won’t be back until ten o’clock.

a) already b) been c) gone d) just

8. I haven’t seen my parents ………………………………. last Christmas.

a) already b) before c) for d) since

9. This is the first …………………………… I’ve ever lived away from home.

a) already b) since c) that d) time

10. This program me must be new. I’ve ……………………… seen it before.

a) ever b) never c) since d) yet

Exercise 6. Some of these sentences are correct, and some have a word which should not be there. If the sentence is correct, put a tick ( ٧ ) If it is incorrect, cross the unnecessary have of has out of the sentence and write it in the space:

Susan has lost her keys. She can’t find them anywhere. ٧

Christopher has hurt his hand, but it’s OK now. has

1. The directors have arrived half an hour ago, but they didn’t ……..…………

stay long.

2. It’s raining, and Peter has left his umbrella behind, look. ………………..

3. It’s a long time since your friends last visited us. ………………..

4. None of you have called me for weeks. Aren’t we friends...……………...

any more?

5. We can play tennis now. The others have finished. ………………..

6. The company has bought some land, but then it sold it. ………………..

7. The computer isn’t on now. Someone has turned it off. ………………..

8. Tessa has posted the parcel. It’s on its way to you. ………………..

9. Several bombs have gone off in the city centre. It has happened an hour ago. ………………..

10. Simon has left. He and Oliver have left after lunch. ………………..

Past Perfect

The Past Perfect Tense образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to have в форме прошедшего времени (had) и формы причастия прошедшего времени (Past Participle) смыслового глагола: I had worked, he had done.

В вопросительной форме вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим: Had you worked? Had he done?

Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not, которая ставится после вспомогательного глагола: I had not worked.

Past Perfect употребляется только в повествовании, в рассказах, повестях и т.д. (only in the narrative).

Форма Past Perfect употребляется:

1. когда нужно показать, что данное действие или событие кончилось к какому-то моменту в прошлом.

Определенный момент в прошлом может быть выражен обстоятельством времени с предлогом by (к):

By that time к тому времени

by10 o’clock к десяти часам

by the end of the week к концу недели

by the beginning of last year к началу прошлого года

by 1998 к 1998году

They had completed their work by Они закончили свою работу к

12 o’clock. 12 часам.

By the end of the year I had learned К концу года я выучила много

many English words and expressions. английских слов и выражений.

This article had been translated into Эта статья была переведена на

English by 2 o’clock. английский язык к 2 часам.

2. Когда нужно показать, что данное действие или событие предшествовало какому-то другому действию или событию в прошлом. Более позднее действие выражено глаголом в Past Simple:

When we came to the theatre, all Когда мы пришли в театр, все

the tickets had been sold out. билеты были уже проданы.

When I looked out of the window, I Когда я выглянул в окно, я

saw that the rain had not stopped. увидел, что дождь еще не прекратился.

Exercise 1. Read about each situation and then tick the right answer:

Two men delivered the sofa. I had already paid for it.

Which came first, a) the delivery, or b) ٧ the payment?

1. The waiter brought our drinks. We’d already had our soup.

Which came first, a) the drinks, or b) the soup?

2. I’d seen the film, so I read the book.

Did I first a) see the film, or b) read the book?

3. The program me had ended, so I rewound the cassette.

Did I rewind the cassette a) after, or b) before the program me ended?

4. I had an invitation to the party, but I’d arranged a trip to London.

Which came first, a) the invitation, or b) the arrangements for the trip?

Exercise 2. Add a sentence with the past perfect using the notes:

Claire looked very suntanned when I saw her last week.

She’d just been on holiday. (just/be on holiday)

1. We rushed to the station, but we were too late.

………………………………………………….. (the train / just / go)

2. I didn’t have an umbrella, but that didn’t matter.

………………………………………………….. (the rain / stop)

3. When I got to the concert hall, they wouldn’t let me in.

………………………………………………….. (forget / my ticket)

4. Someone got the number of the car the raiders used.

………………………………………………….. (steal / it / a week before)

5. I was really pleased to see Rachel again yesterday.

………………………………………………….. (not see / her/ for ages)

6. Luckily the flat didn’t look too bad when my parents called in.

………………………………………………….. (just / clean / it)

7. The boss invited me to lunch yesterday, but I had to refuse the invitation.

…………………………………………….. (already / eat / my sandwiches)

Exercise 3. Put the verbs in the present perfect (have done) or past perfect (had done):

It isn’t raining now. It’s stopped (stop) at last.

We had no car at that time. We’d sold (sell) our old one.

1. The park looked awful. People ………………….. (leave) litter everywhere.

2. You can have that newspaper. I ………………………….. (finish) with it.

3. There’s no more cheese. We ………………………… (eat) it all, I’m afraid.

4. There was no sign of a taxi, although I……. (order) one half an hour before.

5. This bill isn’t right. They ……………… … (make) a mistake.

6. I spoke to Melanie at lunch-time. Someone ……. (tell) her the news earlier.

7. I was really tired last night. I …………… …. (have) a hard day.

8. Don’t you want to see this program me? It ………………………….. (start).

9. It’ll soon get warm in here. I …………………… … (turn) the heating on.

10. At last the committee were ready to announce their decision.

They ……………………………… (make) up their minds.

Exercise 4. Read the situations and write sentences from the words in brackets:

1. You went to Jill’s house but she wasn’t there. (she / go / out) …She had gone out…

2. You went back to your home town after many years. It wasn’t the same as before.

(it / change / a lot) …………………………………………..

3. I invited Rachel to the party but she couldn’t come.

(she / arrange / to do something else) ……………………………………..

4. You went to the cinema last night. You arrived at the cinema late.

(the film / already / begin) …………………………………..

5. I was very pleased to see Tim again after such a long time.

(I / not / see / him for five years) ………………………………….

6. I offered Sue something to eat but she wasn’t hungry.

(she / just / have / breakfast) ……………………………….

Exercise 5. Read the situation and write sentences ending with before. Use the verb given in brackets:

1. The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. It was his first flight.

(fly) …He had never flown before, OR He hadn’t flown before. …

2. A woman walked into the room. She was a complete stranger to me.

(see) I …………………………………. before.

3. Simon played tennis yesterday. He wasn’t very good at it because it was his first game.

(play) He …………………………………..

4. Last year we went to Denmark. It was our first time there

(be) We ……………………

Exercise 6. Put the verb into the correct form, past perfect (I had done etc.) or past simple (I did etc.):

1. ‘Was Tom at the party when you arrived?’ ‘No, he …had gone… (go) home.

2. I felt very tired when I got home. so I ……………….. (go) straight to bed.

3. The house was very quiet when I got home. Everybody …….. (go) to bed.

4. Sorry I’m late. The car ……………………. (break) down on my way here.

5. We were driving along the road when we ………………. (see) a car which. ………… (break) down, so we ……………………… (stop) to see if we could help.

Future Perfect

The Future Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в будущем времени (shall have, will have) и формы причастия прошедшего времени (Past Participle) смыслового глагола: I shall have worked, he will have done.

В вопросительной форме первый вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим: Shall I have worked? Will he have worked?

В отрицательной форме частица not ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола: I’ll not have worked.

The Future Perfect употребляется сравнительно редко, эта форма употребляется в тех случаях, когда нужно показать, что речь идет о будущем действии, которое должно заканчиваться до наступления другого будущего действия или до определенного момента в будущем. Момент, до которого совершается действие, может быть указан:

1. Обозначением времени, таким как by 5 o’clock - к пяти часам, by Saturday - к субботе, by the end of the year - к концу года, by that time - к тому времени и т.п.

We’ll have translated the article Мы (уже) переведем статью к субботе.

by Saturday.

Students will have finished their Студенты закончат учебу к 20

Study by 20 December. декабря.

2. Другим будущим действием, выраженным глаголом в Present Simple, в придаточных предложениях времени и условия:

The train will have left by the time Поезд уже уйдет к тому времени, как

we get to the station. мы приедем на вокзал.

I’ll have finished this work if you Я уже закончу эту работу, если ты

Come at7 o’clock. придешь в 7 часов.

The Future Perfect не употребляется в придаточных предложениях времени и условия. В этих случаях вместо Future Perfectу потребляется Present Simple или Present Perfect:

We’ll send them the documents Мы пошлем им документы, после

after we have received the goods. Того как получим товары.

Exercise 1. Paul wants to be an artist. He’s reading about a famous artist called Winston Plummer:

Winston Plummer was a great artist, who had a wonderful career. He won lots of prizes before he was twenty. By the age of twenty-five he had had his own exhibition. He was the subject of a TV documentary by the time he was thirty. By the age of thirty-five he had become world-famous. He made millions of pounds from his pictures before he was forty.

Paul is daydreaming about his own future career. What does he think?

I hope I’ll have won lots of prizes before I’m twenty.

1. Perhaps ……………………… my own exhibition by the age of twenty-five.

2. I wonder if …………………………………………… by the time I’m thirty.

3. Maybe …………………………………..…………. by the age of thirty-five.

4. I hope ………………………………………...…………. by the age of forty.

Exercise 2. How good is your maths? Can you work out the answers?

It’s quarter to six. Melanie is putting something in the oven.

It needs to be in the oven for an hour and half. When will it have cooked?

It will have cooked at quarter past seven.

1. It’s seven o’clock in the evening, and Andrew is starting to write an essay. He writes one page every fifteen minutes. He plans to finish the essay at midnight. How many pages will he have written? He will have written ………………………… pages.

2. It’s Monday morning, and Sarah is travelling to work. It’s twenty miles from her home to the office. How far will she have traveled to and from work by the time she gets home on Friday?

3. Matthew is doing press-ups-one every two seconds. How many will he have done after five minutes?

Exercise 3. Put the verb into the correct from, will be (do)ing:

1. Phone me after 8 o’clock. …………………….. (we/finish) dinner by then.

2. B has to go to a meeting which begins at 10 o’clock. It will last about an hour.

A: Will you be free at 11.30?

B: Yes, (the meeting/finish) by that time.

3. Tom is on holiday and he is spending his money very quickly. If he continues like this, ………… (he/spend) all his money before the end of his holiday.

4. Jane is from New Zealand. She is traveling around Europe at the moment. So far she has traveled about 1,000 miles. By the end of the trip, ……………………………… (she/travel) more than 3,000 moles.

Exercise 4. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. By the time you get home, you will forget everything I have told you.

2. The train will already have left by the time we come to the station.

3. By this time next week I’ll have finished my work.

4. I’ll have left home by 3 o’clock tomorrow.

5. I’m not sure if he will have the article by the 1^st of October.

Revise grammar (Perfect) to be ready for the test.

Unit6

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