Text 3

Retell the text.

Put special questions to the text.

Make up sentences with the following word combinations.

Complete the following sentences.

Match the following words.

Find Russian equivalents for the following words.

Foreign, market, measure, integrity, member, concentrate, fulfilling, business, population, elect, function, exchange, provide, banknote, currency, foodstuff, consumer.

Рынок	stiff
пунктуальный	market
накрахмаленный	punctilious
сердцевина	bond
граница	bound
полосатый	striped
средство	medium
обязательство	consumer
производитель	core
потребитель	producer

1) The City is the place where…2) The City is jealous of its honour, punctilious in…3)Each morning about half a million people come in from north, south, east…4) From the earliest times the City has been ruled by its own elected…5) There are probably as many women employed in the City as there…

Financial heart, foreign departments, financial functions, Exchange Market.

Financial policy – fiscal sphere

Financial policy is a very complex notion covering measures aimed at working out basic concepts, major guidelines, goals and objectives, as well as at creating an adequate financial mechanism and at directing financial activities of a country.

Financial policy is based on strategic guidelines which set long-term and medium-term prospects for using financial resources and ensure attainment of major economic targets and solution of goals in the social sphere. At the same time a country pursuing its financial policy sets current goals and objectives connected with mobilization and effective utilization of resources and development of productive forces.

Over the past two decades financial problems have exacerbated the world over. Public debts have reached unsustainable levels in a growing number of industrial countries. This development and its results - higher interest rates, lower investment, and slower growth in living standards - have stimulated efforts by policymakers to find solutions to swollen budget deficits.

Central to these solutions is fiscal policy. Fiscal policy is the policy adopted by a government for raising revenue to meet expenditure.

For countries that now face unsustainable fiscal deficits, financial stabilization represents a top priority.

The answer to financial stabilization lies in the effectiveness of fiscal management - the principles, institutional arrangements, information flows, and techniques that govern the budget process and define fiscal relations between levels of government.

Most western nations operate some degree of fiscal federalism, which is the system of taxation and public expenditure in which revenue-raising powers and control over expenditure are vested invarious levels of governmentwithin a nation, ranging from the national government to the smallest unit of local government.

A system of multilevel finance may be justified in terms of allocative efficiency on the grounds that while some public goods, such as national defence, confer benefits on the nation as a whole, the benefits of other goods, such as refuse collection, are more limited in geographical incidence. It is argued that by making decisions concerning the provision and financing of the latter type of goods at the level of local rather than national governments, the best or optimal level of provision is more likely to be achieved.

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