Part II Tenses in the PASSive voice 1 страница

2. Страдательный залог употребляется в тех случаях, когда не само лицо или предмет, являющиеся подлежащим предложения, выполняют действия, а наоборот, являются объектами этого действия, т.е. действия направлены на них.
3. В английском языке страдательный залог употребляется гораздо чаще, чем в русском. Исполнитель действия, как правило, не указывается: English is spoken all over the world. Мы часто употребляем страдательный залог в тех случаях, когда исполнитель действия либо неизвестен, либо нас больше интересует сам факт совершения действия, а не его исполнитель:
4. My car was stolen last night. (I don’t know, who stole the car).
5. Sarah has been invited to the party. (In this sentence we are interested in Sarah, not who invited her).
6. Образование страдательного залога.
8. Страдательный залог образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени и формы причастия прошедшего времени (Past Participle) смыслового глагола. Времена страдательного залога употребляются согласно тем же правилам, что и соответствующие им формы действительного залога.

2101. Present simple	2102. am / are / is + past participle 2103. The office is locked every evening
2104. Present continuous	2105. am / are / is + being + past participle 2106. The house is being painted at the moment
2107. Past simple	2108. was / were + past participle 2109. My car was stolen last night
2110. Past continuous	2111. was / were + being + past participle 2112. The bridge was being repaired last week
2113. Present perfect	2114. have / has + been + past participle 2115. Sarah has been invited to the party
2116. Past perfect	2117. had + been + past participle 2118. I thought that you had been told the news
2119. Future simple	2120. will + be + past participle 2121. She will be looked after properly there
2122. Future perfect	2123. will + have been + past participle 2124. The bridge will have been repaired by spring

2. В страдательном залоге нет формы Future Continuous. Отсутствуют в страдательном залоге также все формы времён группы Perfect Continuous. Вместо Present Perfect Continuous и Past Perfect Continuous употребляются Present Perfect и Past Perfect Passive.
4. The question has been discussed for 2 hours.
5. План обсуждается уже 2 часа.
7. I was told that the stadium had been built for 2 years.
8. Мне сказали, что стадион строится уже 2 года.
10. При сравнении параллельных предложений в действительном и страдательном залогах видно, что дополнение предложения в действительном залоге становится подлежащим в страдательном.
11. Active: Someone locks the office every evening.
12. Passive: The office is locked every evening.
13. Active: Someone has invited Sarah to the party.
14. Passive: Sarah has been invited to the party.
16. Exercise 1. Complete the sentences.

1. Use the present simple passive of the verbs in the box.

1. use play destroy speak export make

2. Example: Bread is made from wheat.

1. Football ____ all over the world.
2. Millions of cars ____ from Japan every year.
3. A compass _____ for showing direction.
4. How many languages _____ in Switzerland?
5. Millions of trees _____ by pollution every year.

1. Use the past simple passive of the verbs in the box.

1. discover invent play assassinate paint build

2. Example: President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas in 1963.

1. The 1990 World Cup for soccer _____ in Italy
2. When _____ television _____?
3. The first pyramids of Egypt _____ around 3000 BC.
4. Penicillin _____ by Alexander Fleming in 1928.
5. The Mona Lisa (La Gioconda) ___ by Leonardo da Vinci.

1. Use the present continuous or present perfect passive of the verbs in the box.

1. not sign examine still prepare question redecorate decide

1. Example: Wait a little, your food is still being prepared.

1. Where is Harry? He _____ by the police about the accident.
2. A lot of meetings have been held, but nothing _____ yet.
3. For the past few days I have been working in Jack’s office, as my own office _____.
4. The last two students _____ now.
5. I’m afraid you’ll have to come tomorrow. The document _____ by the president of the board.

2. d) Use the past continuous or past perfect passive of the verbs in the box.
3. not invite clean sell repair interview steal

1. Example: I couldn’t wear my suit last Saturday. It was being cleaned.

1. When I got back to the car park my car wasn’t there. It _____.
2. We couldn’t use the photocopier this morning. It _____.
3. By the time I arrived at the concert hall, there were no tickets left. They _____.
4. We didn’t go to the party on Saturday because we _____.

1. The man admitted stealing the money while he _____ by the police.

2. Exercise 2. Choose the most suitable tense.

1. The new house hasn’t been finished / wasn’t finished yet.
2. The robbers were arrested / have been arrested as soon as they left the bank.
3. Sue told us her baby is born / had been born two weeks earlier than expected.
4. If there is too much snow, the match has been cancelled / will be cancelled.
5. By the time we got there, the rain had stopped / had been stopped.
6. When were you told / have you been told about the new rules?
7. Most of the passengers were rescuing / were rescued.
8. He will have undergone / will undergo surgery by Tuesday this week.
9. The winning horse was ridden / was riding by Pat Murphy.
10. I looked again for the old man, but he was vanished / had vanished.
11. I don’t think that you will be asked / are being asked to show your passport.
12. The baby has been looked after / had been looked after by Dr. Young before he retired.

2. Exercise 3. Put each verb in brackets into a suitable passive tense.
4. Example: I’m sorry, madam, but this carpet (already sell) has already been sold.

1. The old house on the corner (knock down) _____ last year.
2. Good news! I (ask) _____ to take over as the new managing director.
3. All complaints about products (deal with) _____ by our customer services department.
4. You (not send) _____ any money until next month.
5. She arrived an hour late but it was all right as the meeting (cancel) _____.
6. Several new halls of residence now (put up) _____ on our campus.
7. It (announce) _____ yesterday that the government had decided not to raise income tax.
8. The economic improvement (feel) _____ in the country by this time next year.
9. I’m afraid that nothing (hear) _____ from Jane since she left two months ago.
10. The Government says, that tax reforms (introduce) ______ in the new year.
11. He was getting the best treatment in the hospital, and he (monitor) _____ day and night.
12. The news (broadcast) _____ every day from 6 am to midnight.
13. When we got home we realized the house (burgle) _____.
14. Most people agree that America (not discover) _____ by Christopher Columbus.
15. The staff meeting (just postpone) _____ as the principle has fallen ill.
16. By November 30 a new government (elect) _____.
17. A new security system (install) _____ in all our offices in the next few weeks.
18. At this very moment the suspect (interview) _____ by the police.

2. Exercise 4. Rewrite these sentences. Instead of using “they”, “we”, “people”, “somebody”, “nobody” write a corresponding passive sentence.
4. 1. They have already frozen all new applications for car loans.
5. 2. We will send successful candidates a letter inviting them to attend a second interview.
6. 3. People were watching the game outside the stadium on a huge screen.
7. 4. Nobody informed the college that there had been a mistake.
8. 5. They provide over one hundred scholarships for students every year.
9. 6. Somebody has described Keith Jones as the world’s greatest guitarist.
10. 7. We will refund your money if you are not satisfied.
11. 8. They demolished the building in only two days.
12. 9. They will have completed the renovations to the house by the end of the month.
13. 10. They are making a film about Indian tigers.
14. 11. People have accused the local council of corruption.
15. 12. They discuss important subjects every lunchtime.
16. 13. Somebody left this purse in the classroom yesterday.
17. 14. They will move your car if your leave it there.
18. 15. Nobody has painted this house for ten years.
19. 16. By the time we arrive they had solved the problem.
20. 17. People are drinking more coffee than tea these days.
21. 18. They questioned the suspect until she broke down and confessed.
24. Exercise 5. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first, using the word in bold and other words. Use between two and five words.

1. William the Conqueror built the castle in the 11^th century.

1. by
2. The castle _____ William the Conqueror in the 11^th century.

1. The police were following the suspects.

1. were
2. The suspects _____ police.

1. No one has seen Peter since the day of the party.

1. been
2. Peter _____ the day of the party.

1. She was wearing leather gloves.

1. of
2. The gloves she was wearing _____ leather.

1. Mark’s main rival beat him in the final.

1. beaten
2. Mark _____ by his main rival.

1. A mechanical breakdown caused the delay.

1. by
2. The delay _____ a mechanical breakdown.

1. Why did nobody tell me about the accident?

1. not
2. Why _____ about the accident?

1. Who invented the mobile phone?

1. was
2. Who ______ by?

1. Mr. Hopkins is the owner of that blue Toyota.

1. by
2. That blue Toyota _____ Mr. Hopkins.

1. Smith Ltd. supply our company with furniture.

1. supplied
2. Our company ______ by Smith Ltd.
3. 11. They ordered a new photocopier last Tuesday.
4. was
5. A new ______ last Tuesday.
6. 12. The Mayor is opening the new sports centre at 11 am tomorrow.
7. being
8. The new sports centre ______ the Mayor at 11 am tomorrow.
9. 13. Have you checked the prices of the items yet.
10. been
11. Have the prices ______ yet?
12. 14. The court ordered him to pay a fine of $100.
13. was
14. He _______ a fine of $100 by the court.
15. 15. They are painting the doors at the moment.
16. are
17. The doors ______ at the moment.
19. 16. They have redecorated their house twice already.
20. has
21. Their house ______ twice already.
23. Exercise 6. Fill in the gaps in this letter with an appropriate active or passive form of the verbs in brackets.
25. Dear Julie,
26. Well, I arrived safely … but my luggage didn’t! After many enquiries I found that it ………… (send) to Finland instead of England! Apparently, it ………… (label) wrongly at check-in. Anyway, it finally ………… (arrive) three days ago, and other than that, I ……… (have) a great time ever since I arrived.
27. The people I am staying with are very nice and I ………… (already/show) all the local tourist sites. I ………… (treat) exactly like one of the family and I ………… (introduce) to all their friends. I share a room with Penny, the daughter in the family, who is my age. It’s amazing … every morning we …………. (wake up) by her mother with a cup of tea! Yesterday (Sunday), we ………… (even/give) breakfast in bed!
28. Today was my first day at my new language school. When I arrived, I ………… (take) to a special room where we ………… (welcome) by the Director. He ………… (explain) what was going to happen and who all the staff were. Then we ………… (go) to a large room where we ……… (give) a test to do. It was quite difficult, but it was soon over and then we ………… (have) an interview with a teacher who ………… (check) our spoken English. As we ………… (leave) we ………… (hand) a form to fill in with all our personal details and we ………… (tell) to arrive early tomorrow to give us time to find our new classes. In the afternoon we ………… (take) on a guided tour of the city by bus which was very interesting.
29. I’m really looking forward to tomorrow when we ………… (put) in our new classes.
30. I don’t know yet what level I’ll be in – apparently we ………… (tell) when we arrive tomorrow. At the same time we ………… (give) the various books that we need for the course. It’s all quite exciting! I just hope I like my teacher!
31. Love,
32. Rosario
35. Особенности употребления страдательного залога.

1. Страдательный залог с предлогами by и with. Если говорится о том, кем совершается действие, выраженное страдательным оборотом, то употребляется предлог by + agent (исполнитель действия).

1. I was hit by a burglar
2. Если речь идет не об исполнителе, а об орудии, инструменте или веществе, при помощи которого совершается действие, то употребляется предлог with + instrument (or material or ingredient)
3. I was hit on the head with a hammer.
4. Irish coffee is made with whisky.
5. Если необходимо выяснить кем или при помощи чего выполнено действие, то вопросительное предложение начинается с вопросительных слов who или what, а предлоги by и with ставятся в конце предложения.
6. These photos were taken by my sister. Who were the photos taken by?
7. These photos were taken with a cheap camera. What were the photos taken with?
9. Exercise 7. Put in the propositions by and with.
11. 1. She was surrounded ….. an admiring crowd.
12. 2. The houses were surrounded ….. barbed wire fences.
13. 3. Injured refugees were treated ….. a Red Cross doctor.
14. 4. Sue has been picked ….. selectors for the national team.
15. 5. The new shopping centre was opened ….. the local MP.
16. 6. Two birds can’t be killed ….. one stone.
17. 7. The road had been blocked ….. a fallen tree.
18. 8. The message was written in the sand ….. a stick.
19. 9. Thirty houses were destroyed ….. the tornado.
20. 10. Several new proposals are being considered ….. the committee.
21. 11. The room had been decorated ….. balloons.
22. 12. The streets were jammed ….. cars.
23. 13. The window was broken ….. a slate that fell off the roof.
24. 14. Hell is paved ….. good intentions.
25. 15. The huge stadium was slowly being filled ….. the crowd.
26. 16. The little boat was overturned ….. a huge wave.
28. Exercise 8. Rewrite these questions in the passive.
30. 1. When did they appoint Richard chairman?
31. 2. Who invented the first radio?
32. 3. Will they publish her new book next month?
33. 4. Had they informed the police about the accident?
34. 5. Who wrote “Macbeth”?
35. 6. How much money did they steal?
36. 7. Will Charles water the plants?
37. 8. What damaged the roof of your house?
38. 9. Who frightened you?
39. 10. When did they deliver the goods?
40. 11. What did they treat you with in the hospital?
41. 12. Will they have completed the motorway by Christmas?
42. 13. Has anyone seen Chris this morning?
43. 14. When will they send the e-mail?
44. 15. Did they show the fire on the news?
45. 16. Who decorated your Christmas tree?
46. 17. When did the wind blow down the tree?
47. 18. Did the news about the exam distress Sydney?
49. 2. Страдательный залог, образующийся при помощи вспомогательного глагола get.
51. Иногда вместо глагола be для образования страдательного залога используется глагол get.
52. There was a fight at the party but nobody got hurt. (= nobody was hurt)
53. I don’t often get invited to parties. (= I’ m not often invited).
54. I’m surprised Ann didn’t get offered the job. (... Ann wasn’t offered the job).
56. Глагол get используется в тех случаях, когда действие происходит случайно или неожиданно и характерно главным образом для разговорного языка.
57. Глагол get используется также в сочетаниях get married, get divorced, get dressed, get changed, которые совпадают со страдательным залогом лишь по форме.
59. Exercise 9. Complete the sentences using get/got + one of these verbs (in the correct form):
60. ask run over break damage frighten choose hurt pay steal sting stop cut off

1. There was a fight at the party but nobody …...
2. Ted ______ by a bee while he was sitting in the garden.
3. How did that window _____?
4. We ….. in the middle of the call.
5. I used to have a bicycle but it _____.
6. Last night I _____ by the police as I was driving home.
7. How much did you _____ last month?
8. Please pack these things very carefully. I don’t want them to _____.
9. People often want to know what my job is. I often _____ that question.
10. My dog _____ by a removal van.
11. I always _____for the unpleasant jobs.
12. They _____ by a sudden explosion.

1. Особенности употребления страдательного залога глаголов, принимающих два дополнения.

1. В английском языке существует ряд глаголов, принимающих два дополнения: прямое и косвенное:
2. We gave the police the information. (= We gave the information to the police.)
3. (косвенное) (прямое)
4. Такие глаголы могут образовывать два страдательных оборота: один с прямым дополнением в роли подлежащего, а другой - с косвенным:
5. The police were given the information. The information was given to the police.
6. Поскольку подлежащим страдательного оборота чаще является лицо, а не предмет страдательный оборот с косвенным дополнением в роли подлежащего является более употребительным.
7. I was offered the job but refused it.
8. You will be given plenty of time to decide.
9. Have you been shown the new machine?
10. The men were paid $200 to do the work.
12. К числу наиболее употребительных глаголов, с которыми возможны такие обороты, относятся: to award, to give, to grant, to lend, to offer, to pay, to promise, to send, to show, to tell, to teach.
14. Exercise 10. Rewrite the following active sentences using two passive forms, making the underlined words the subject. Omit the agent if it is not necessary.
16. Example: The company sent him a letter. He was sent a letter by the company.
17. A letter was sent to him by the company.
19. 1. They have shown him the way to the station.
20. 2. They give each student a certificate on successful completion of the course.
21. 3. The Credit Bank lent me two thousand pounds in 2008.
22. 4. He offered me a very good job but I turned it down.
23. 5. They will pay the workers $150 every Friday.
24. 6. Father promised Mike a new car.
25. 7. Jane taught him all the English he knows.
26. 8. They’ve sent me a whole lot of junk mail.
27. 9. Somebody will give you the questions a week before the exam.
28. 10. One of his uncles had taught him maths.
29. 11. Someone is sending him threatening letters.
30. 12. After graduation they awarded him a scholarship to do research.
32. Примечание: Глаголы to explain, to announce, to dictate, to suggest, to describe, to repeat, to point out могут использоваться только в пассивных конструкциях типа: something is (was, will be) explained to somebody, it is (was, will be) announced (to somebody) that, it was explained (to somebody) where (when, how).
34. Действительному обороту He explained the problem to me в английском языке соответствует только один страдательный оборот: The problem was explained to me. Оборот I was explained the problem невозможен.
35. Ей объяснили, как добраться до станции.
36. It was explained to her how to get to the station.
38. 4. Особенности употребления страдательного залога глаголов, имеющих предложное дополнение.
40. Большое число глаголов в английском языке может сочетаться с дополнением, имеющим предлог. Когда такое дополнение становится подлежащим страдательного оборота, предлог сохраняет свое место после глагола.
41. Everybody will laugh at you if you tell this story.
42. You will be laughed at if you tell this story.
44. She looked after our pets well.
45. Our pets were well looked after.
47. Ряд глаголов употребляется с предлогом как в английском, так и в русском языках.
48. При переводе страдательных оборотов с такими глаголами с английского языка на русский предлог ставится перед местоимением или существительным, которое было подлежащим английского предложения.
49. At school he was often laughed at.
50. В школе над ним часто смеялись.
52. He was looked at with great suspicion.
53. На него смотрели с большим подозрением.
55. Некоторые часто употребляемые глаголы с предлогом переводятся на русский язык переходными глаголами (без предлогов).
56. His speech was listened to very attentively.
57. Его речь слушали очень внимательно
59. The problem of unemployment wasn’t touched upon.
60. Проблема безработицы не была затронута.
62. К числу наиболее употребительных глаголов, которые требуют предложное дополнение, относятся:
64. to account for объяснять что-либо
65. to agree upon договориться о
66. to arrive at приходить к; достигать (соглашения)
67. to deal with касаться, рассматривать
68. to depend on зависеть от
69. to dispose of избавляться от
70. to hear of услышать о ком-либо
71. to insist on настаивать на
72. to interfere with вмешиваться во что-либо, мешать
73. to laugh at смеяться над
74. to listen to слушать
75. to look at смотреть на
76. to look after присматривать за
77. to look for искать
78. to read to читать кому-либо
79. to refer to ссылаться на
80. to rely on полагаться на
81. to speak about говорить о
82. to speak to говорить с кем-либо
83. to send for посылать за
84. to touch on (upon) затрагивать, касаться вкратце (вопроса)
85. to wait for ждать
87. Exercise 11. Translate the following sentences into Russian.
89. 1. The changes taking place are not easily accounted for. 2. Optimal conditions were agreed upon. 3. He assured us that our luggage would be looked after. 4. Have the proper officials been sent for? 5. A number of important subjects have not been dealt with in detail. 6. His book is referred to by all those who work at this problem. 7. After many hours’ talk the decision was arrived at. 8. I’m sure this arrangement will be insisted on. 9. The new discovery is being much spoken about. 10. The problem must be dealt with before it got talked about.
91. Exercise 12. Change the sentences from active to passive. Prepositions must not be left out.
93. 1. Somebody reads to the old lady every evening. 2. People will laugh at you if you wear these jeans. 3. A car has run over their dog. 4. She will look after the little girl well. 5. Nobody has ever spoken to me like that before. 6. My watch is fast, we cannot rely upon it. 7. We must dispose of this garbage as soon as possible. 8. People shouted at the Prime Minister during his speech. 9. The secretary referred me to the manager. 10. People speak much about this film.
95. 5. Особенности перевода страдательного залога, образованного от английских переходных глаголов, которым в русском языке соответствуют глаголы, требующие предлога.
96. В английском языке имеется ряд глаголов, которые требуют прямое (беспредложное) дополнение, в то время как в русском языке им соответствуют глаголы, требующие после себя предлога. При переводе страдательных оборотов с такими глаголами предлог ставится перед словом, которое является подлежащим английского предложения:
97. The operation was watched by many young surgeons.
98. За операцией наблюдало много молодых хирургов.
100. She had been deeply affected by her parents' divorce.
101. На нее очень подействовал развод родителей.
103. Запомните следующие глаголы:
105. to affect влиять на
106. to answer отвечать на
107. to attend присутствовать на
108. to enjoy получать удовольствие от
109. to follow следовать (следить) за
110. to join присоединяться к
111. to influence влиять на
112. to succeed следовать за
113. to watch наблюдать за
117. Exercise 13. Translate the following sentences into Russian.
119. 1. The meeting was attended by thousands of people. 2. The football game was watched with great interest. 3. The prices of all goods imported into Russia were affected by the devaluation of the ruble. 4. This statement was followed by a long discussion. 5. Almost at the end of the route we were joined by another group of tourists.

1. Особенности перевода фразеологических сочетаний типа to take care of.

1. Такие сочетания представляют собой смысловое единство и при переводе на русский язык обычно передаются или соответствующим глаголом, или эквивалентным сочетанием глагола с существительным. Например, make an attempt - пытаться, делать попытку. Чтобы правильно переводить предложения с подобными сочетаниями, необходимо хорошо знать их значение и узнавать в предложении.
3. His child is well taken care of.
4. О его ребёнке хорошо заботятся.
6. At last the ship was lost sight of.
7. Наконец пароход скрылся из виду.
9. Следующие фразеологизмы являются наиболее употребительными:
11. to call attention to обращать внимание на
12. to do away with покончить с, отказаться от
13. to find fault with придираться, находить недостатки
14. to get rid of отделываться, избавляться от
15. to give (pay) attention to уделять внимание
16. to lose sight of терять из виду
17. to make fun of высмеивать, подсмеиваться над
18. to make mention of упоминать о
19. to make use of использовать
20. to put an end to положить конец
21. to put up with терпеть, мириться с
22. to set fire to поджечь
23. to take account of принимать во внимание, учитывать
24. to take advantage of использовать, воспользоваться
25. to take care of заботиться о
26. to take notice of замечать, обращать внимание на
28. Exercise 14. Translate the following sentences into Russian.
30. 1. Mention was made of the new achievements in this field. 2. The children always behave wildly when we have visitors, hoping to be taken notice of. 3. The discussion was put an end to by his sudden arrival. 4. His warning was not taken notice of. 5. Old traditions can’t be easily done away with.
33. 7. Особенности перевода и употребления страдательных оборотов с формальным подлежащим it.
35. Если подлежащим страдательного оборота является местоимение it, то предложение переводится неопределенно-личным оборотом типа: it is said that … - говорят, что; it was expected that … - ожидали, что; it is believed that … - полагают, что. Такие обороты употребляются в тех случаях, когда неизвестно или не имеет значения от кого исходит информация, или когда есть необходимость не называть источник информации.
37. It is expected thatprices will rise again this month.
38. Ожидают, что цены снова вырастут в этом месяце.
40. It has been decided that salaries will be reduced by 10%.
41. Было решено, что зарплата будет сокращена на 10%.
43. К глаголам, которые наиболее часто употребляются в страдательных оборотах такого типа относятся: agree, allege, announce, assume, believe, claim, consider, decide, demonstrate, discover, estimate, establish, expect, fear, feel, find, hope, know, prove, report, reveal, say, show, suggest, suppose, think, understand.
45. Exercise 15. Which of the verbs can complete the sentence. Underline one or both.
47. 1. It has been ….. that spiders are able to travel across the sea. (discovered/feared)
48. 2. It is ….. that another Moon landing will take place next year. (assumed/thought)
49. 3. It has now been ….. that the bus driver was responsible for the accident. (supposed/revealed)
50. 4. It was ….. that Mrs Johnson would chair the meeting. (hoped/explained)
51. 5. It has been ….. that the crash was the result of pilot error. (proposed/shown)
52. 6. It has not yet been ….. that he was responsible for the error. (proved/explained)
53. 7. It has now been ….. that the president broke the law in sending troops into the city.
54. (established/revealed)
55. 8. It has been ….. that a mechanical fault caused the problem. (calculated/discovered)
57. Exercise 16. Translate the following sentences into English, using passive constructions with it as subject.
59. 1. Было решено, что он вернется через неделю.
60. 2. Хорошо известно, что он признал свою ошибку.
61. 3. Говорили, что ему нелегко было сделать это.
62. 4. Было решено, что закон был нарушен.
63. 5. Сообщается, Лох-Несское чудовище якобы поймано.
64. 6. Есть надежда, что экономическая ситуация изменится.
65. 7. Существуют опасения, что эта зима будет очень холодной.
66. 8. Было доказано, что подпись была подделана.
67. 9. Говорят, что цены понижаются, но я этого не заметил.
68. 10. Ожидали, что премьер-министр подаст в отставку.
70. General training exercises.
72. Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences into English using passive constructions.
74. А.

1. Ниже на этой улице строится новая гостиница.
2. Об этом будут много говорить.
3. Машина была отремонтирована к 5 часам.
4. Мне показали, как это делается.
5. Его нигде не видели в течение всей недели. Он болен?
6. Когда я приехал в Петербург, этот дом ещё строился.
7. Я уверен, что вам помогут в вашей работе.
8. Ему посоветовали больше времени проводить на свежем воздухе.
9. Он надеялся, что его совет будет правильно понят.
10. Мы расстроились, когда узнали, что наш багаж украден.
11. Я оглянулся и понял, что за мной следят.
12. Он утверждает, что окно разбили, когда его в классе не было.
13. Третья серия этого фильма еще снимается.
14. Не закрывайте окно, его только что открыли.
15. Если я не сдам этот экзамен, меня отчислят. (to expel)
16. Он сказал, что ему предложили хорошую работу.
17. Сюжет этого фильма основан на реальных событиях.
18. Его ошибка была прощена и забыта.
19. Я живу у брата, пока мою квартиру ремонтируют.
20. Когда мы вошли в дом, стол уже был накрыт.

2. В.

1. Этот вопрос могут задать.
2. Вам предложили что-нибудь поесть?
3. Никаких объяснений мне не дали.
4. Как только он позвонил, проблема была решена.
5. Эти новости также были переданы по радио.
6. Эта книга уже распродана.
7. Мост будет отремонтирован в следующем месяце, часть работы уже сделана.
8. Его спросили, кто живёт в этом доме.
9. Боюсь, что замок нельзя починить.
10. Почему мне об этом сразу не сказали?
11. Никто не знает, что было сказано при этой встрече, но она с ним с тех пор не разговаривает.
12. Здание музея сейчас реставрируется. Говорят, что реставрация будет закончена через год.
13. В этот момент обсуждался очень важный вопрос, и все внимательно слушали. Он обсуждался уже более двух часов.
14. В этом районе почти все старые дома уже снесены и построено много новых. Много других домов ещё строятся.
15. Когда мы вернулись, комнаты уже были убраны и проветрены.
16. На все ваши вопросы ответят после лекции.
17. Я заблудился, потому что мне не показали дорогу.
18. Этот фильм можно посмотреть сегодня вечером по телевизору.

2. С.

1. Нам объявили, что лекция начнётся в 8 часов.
2. Его везде искали, но так и не нашли.
3. Им объяснили, что эксперимент опасен?
4. Нам только что продиктовали новое расписание.
5. О нем ничего не слышно с тех пор, как он уехал.
6. Оратора слушали очень внимательно.
7. На все ваши вопросы ответят после лекции.
8. Не рассказывай об этом, а то над тобой будут смеяться.
9. Не понимаю, почему об этом фильме так много говорят.
10. Можно ли положиться на эти данные?
11. Я попытаюсь еще раз, но не думаю, что меня выслушают.
12. Нам ее так хорошо описали, что мы ее сразу узнали.
13. Мне объяснили, почему еще ничего не было сделано.
14. Адвоката заинтересовали факты, на которые ссылался свидетель.
15. Не беспокойтесь, за вашими вещами присмотрят.
16. На его решение стать психологом оказал влияние его старший брат.
17. Со мной еще никто никогда так не разговаривал.
18. Мне много раз повторяли, что мне надо бросить курить.
19. На следующий день к нам присоединилась ещё одна группа туристов.
20. Его перевод был настолько хорош, что к нему нельзя было придраться.

3. Exercise 2. Read the text and find all the Passive forms.Choose from sentences A-H the one which fits each gap (1-6). There is one extra sentence which you don’t need to use.
4. The Search for the Truth
5. How can the truth be discovered? Is there a reliable and safe way to make sure others are telling the truth?
6. 0 F According to the story, King Solomon, who was renowned for his wisdom, was once faced with two women both claiming to be the mother of the same baby. He threatened to cut the baby in half in order to settle the disagreement. The truth was revealed instantly when the real mother offered to give up her baby rather than see it die. Of course, interrogators who lack Solomon's legendary wisdom have to rely on other methods to discover the truth.
7. 1 In the past, the basic techniques used to get prisoners to reveal the truth varied. They included physical torture, depriving prisoners of sleep, making them stand for hours with their arms stretched above their heads, and putting them in solitary confinement, a practice which is still employed today.
8. In modern times the techniques commonly used cause psychological rather than physical suffering. These methods may be effective in making prisoners or suspects talk, but when people are forced to confess, do they always tell the truth? 2 Obviously, the problem of distinguishing between lies and truth remains.
9. 3 I Stress creates physical symptoms which can be recorded when trying to decide whether a person is telling the truth or not. The device used to record these symptoms is called a lie-detector or polygraph. It widely used by police and other agencies. It indicates whether the person questioned is being honest as records changes in the heart rate, blood pressure another physical factors during questioning.
10. Most polygraph experts now admit that the method is not perfect: even an innocent person will feel under stress when faced with a serious accusation. As a result, a more accurate technique has been developed. 4 Since most people would be guilty of this to some extent the polygraph will show some stress caused by the denial of the truth. For innocent people, this will be the highest stress they show, while a murderer will become even more stressed when denying a question about his or her involvement in the murder.
12. Recently, it has been shown that people can be trained to trick lie-detecting machines.
13. 5 The fact remains, however, that some people make better liars than others.
14. 6 The basic problem with all methods is the if the person is in control, they can easily mislead their questioners, while if the person is not in control due t pain or drugs, what they say may not be true at all.

1. Perhaps the best-known scientific method relies on the fact that lying causes stress.
2. The questions remains: is there really a foolproof way of finding the truth?
3. With this technique, the person being questioned is instructed to deny questions like "Before 1990, did you ever do anything dishonest?"
4. Pain is no longer used to make people talk.
5. Even clues like body language, tone of voice and eye contact can be controlled by a good deceiver.
6. One of the best-known and cleverest solutions was that used by a king in ancient times.
7. By biting their tongues or counting backwards, guilty people can make themselves appear under stress when answering innocent questions, and this often makes the results inaccurate.
8. If a prisoner, for example, is made to suffer a lot, it seems obvious that false confessions may be given just to satisfy the interrogator.

2. General revision.
4. Exercise 1. Using the verbs in brackets, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses. There is an example at the beginning.
6. THE CAR THIEF.
8. My cousin and her husband live in Hanwell, one of the suburbs of London. One morning they woke up (wake up) to find to their dismay that their car … (steal) from outside their house. They immediately … (phone) the police to report the theft, before … (leave) for work by bus.
9. When they … (return) home later the same day, they … (find) to their surprise that their car … (bring back) and was parked in its usual place outside their house. Under one of the windscreen wipers … (be) a small envelope.
10. They quickly … (open) it and … (find) a note … (apologize) profusely for ‘borrowing’ their car. The man who … (write) it explained that he … (not have) a car himself, and his wife … (go) into labor in the middle go the night with their first baby. So he … (hope) they … (not mind) too much that he … (take) their car without their permission in order to run her to the hospital, as it was something of an emergency.
11. By way of compensation, he … (enclose) two tickets for the West End show Sunset Boulevard on Saturday evening. They … (be) both delighted as they loved Lloyd Webber’s music and … (try) for ages to get tickets for this particular musical.
12. It was a perfect evening. They … (have) front row seats and the show itself was every bit as good as they … (expect). They … (be) in such a good mood after it that they … (decide) to go for a meal at their favorite Italian restaurant. When they eventually … (get) home just after midnight, a new shock … (await) them. While they were away, their house … (burgle)! Everything of value … (steal). They … (know) immediately who the thief was because … (lie) on the kitchen table was a note in a handwriting they … (recognize), … (say): HOPE YOU … (enjoy) THE SHOW.
14. Exercise 2. Choose the correct item.
    
    
15. 1. One morning last week I realized that my bike ………. from my garden.
    A. had stolen B. had been stolen C. was stolen D. has been stolen
    
    
16. 2. As soon as you ………. what you’re doing I’d like a word with you.
    A. are finishing B. will finish C. will be finished D. finish
    
    
17. 3. You’ve got three sisters, ……….?
18. A. have you got B. don’t you C. isn’t it D. haven’t you
20. 4. None of my letters ………. to Vera since her change of address.
21. A. were delivered B. are delivered C. is delivered D. has been delivered
    
    
22. 5. He ………. to find a job but he had no luck.
    A. had hardly tried B. tried hardly C. hardly tried D. tried hard
    
    
23. 6. We ………. by a loud noise during the night.
    A. woke up B. are woken up C. were woken up D. were waking up
    
    
24. 7. They ………. for half an hour when the doctor came.
    A. have waited B. waited C. had been waiting D. were waiting
    
    
25. 8. We’ve been very busy ………..
    A. late B. lately C. later D. later on
    
    
26. 9. By the time we came to the park the park gates ………. already.
    A. were locked B. were being locked C. had been locked D. would be locked
27. 
    10. Our work ………. last night so we can relax this morning.
    A. had been finished B. finished C. was finished D. had finished
    
    
28. 11. Let’s go to theatre tonight, ……….?
29. A. will we B. do we C. won’t we D. shall we
    
    12. Pat ………. by her parents for two years before she was awarded a scholarship.
30. A. was supported B. had been supported C. supported D. has been supported
32. 13. When we were younger, we ………. go dancing every Saturday.
    A. would to B. used C. would D. had used
34. 14. Although Shakespeare was a great dramatist, ………. that as an actor, he was only able
35. to play minor roles.
    A. it is thought B. it thought C. it thinks D. thinking
    
    
36. 15. The ambassador heard that ………. at his post a year longer.
37. A. he be staying B. he will have stayed C. him to stay D. he would be staying
    
    
38. 16. Although she was listening, she didn’t hear ………. because there was so much noise.
    A. what said B. what did he say C. what he was saying D. what said he
40. 17. The family has been in America ………..
    A. in last year B. for a last year C. after last year D. since last year
    
    
41. 18. She ………. catch the bus every morning, but now she rides with her fiancé.
    A. used to B. is used to C. use to D. was used to
42. 
    19. The roof of the building ………. in a storm a few days ago.
43. A. has been damaged B. was damaged C. is damaged D. was being damaged
    
    20. I’m the worst student in our class, ………. I?
    A. aren’t B. amn’t C. isn’t D. don’t
    
    21. This is the first time the painting ………. to the public.
    A. is shown B. is being shown C. has been shown D. was shown
45. 
    22. I have ………. to the USA.
    A. never gone B. never been C. not gone D. not never been
    
    
46. 23. Hurry up! We haven’t got much time. The train ………. at 5.30.
    A. is leaving B. leaves C. has left D. has been leaving
48. 24. They ……….. a beautiful house in the country years ago.
49. A. would have B. were having C. used to have D. have had
51. 25. The children ………. to the seaside for a day.
52. A. were took B. were taking C. were being taken D. were taken
    
    
53. 26. George can’t use his car now. It ………. at the garage.
54. A. is being serviced B. has been serviced C. was serviced D. will be serviced
56. 27. He looks terrible because he ………. well for weeks.
57. A. didn’t sleep B. hasn’t slept C. has been sleeping D. was sleeping
59. 28. I’ll give you the money as soon as I ………..
60. A. be paid B. am pay C. am paying D. get paid
61. 
    29. The office ………. cleaned when I left.
    A. has still B. was still being C. was still D. still being
    
    30. ………. he wrote his first book when he was sixteen.
    A. It is said that B. It is said to C. He is said that D. He is said to
63. 31. Don’t drive too fast, ……….?
64. A. don’t you B. do you C. shall you D. will you
    
    
65. 32. He ………. his talk when he was interrupted.
    A. had hardly begun B. hardly begun C. hardly had begun D. began hardly
    
    
66. 33. Vitamin C must be taken daily, as it cannot ………. by the body.
    A. store B. stored C. be stored D. be storing
    
    
67. 34. Fred ………. that they had moved to London.
68. A. said me B. told me C. told D. told to me
70. 35. An election ………. In the autumn, the government announced this morning.
71. A. is held B. will be held C. will have been held D. is being held
73. 36. I’ve bought two tickets to Paris. Alex and I ………. tomorrow.
74. A. to leave B. will leave C. leave D. are leaving
76. 37. She didn’t use to work here two years ago, ……….?
    A. did she B. used she C. didn’t she D. did she use
    
    
78. 38. I’m terribly sorry, I had no idea you ………. deputy director.
79. A. are appointed B. were appointed C. had been appointed D. has been appointed
81. 39. No one was surprised at the change in Bank Rate. It ………. by the investors.
82. A. was expected B. had been expected C. is expected D. was being expected
84. 40. He refused to go to the theatre because he ………. an exam in a few days.
85. A. was having B. had C. will have D. has had
87. 41. You’ll never forgive him, ……….?
88. A. won’t you B. will you C. will you not D. you will
90. 42. Dan Brown’s books ………. in any bookshop.
91. A. you can buy B. will buy C. can buy D. can be bought
93. 43. Many interesting books ………. by the company this year.
94. A. are published B. have been published C. were published D. will have been published
96. 44. The Gregorian Calendar ………. All over Europe at the same time, since Italy adopted
97. it in 1582, England in 1752 and Russia not until 1918.
98. A. introduced B. was introducing C. wasn’t introduced D. wasn’t introducing
100. 45. ………. that five people died in an explosion.
101. A. They are reported B. It has reported C. It’s reported D. It’s reporting
103. 46. How long ………. Susan?
104. A. you know B. are you knowing C. do you know D. have you known
106. 47. I ………. three more days to decide if I want to accept their offer.
107. A. gave B. have given C. have been given D. will give
109. 48. Kate ………. most of her money by the time she goes back home.
110. A. will spend B. will be spending C. will have been spent D. will have spent
112. 49. I’ll see you in August when I ………. back.
113. A. will come B. come C. came D. will have come
115. 50. How long did you say you ………. these pills?
116. A. take B. are taking C. have taken D. have been taking
118. 51. I ………. busy since we last met.
119. A. am B. have been C. was D. had been
121. 52. Did he say whether ………. lend you the money or not?
122. A. could he B. can he C. he could D. he
124. 53. Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in America,. ………. in 1607.
125. A. was established B. it was founded C. founded D. colonists arrived there
127. 54. I’m not hungry. I’ve eaten three sandwiches ………..
128. A. yesterday B. two hours ago C. at two o’clock D. today
131. 55. Oh, there’s no tea? OK then. I ………. some orange juice.
132. A. am going to have B. will have C. will be having D. am having
134. 56. If we don’t hurry, all the tickets ………. by the time we get there.
135. A. are sold B. will sell C. will be sold D. will have been sold
137. 57. For the past few days I have been working in Jack’s office, as my own office ………..
138. A. was redecorated B. is redecorated C. is being redecorated D. has been redecorated
140. 58. That’s Christine’s mother over there, isn’t ……….?
141. A. that B. her C. she D. it
143. 59. We ………. by Mrs. Jones for five years before she returned to her own country.
144. A. taught B. have been taught C. had been taught D. were taught
146. 60. The entire coastline will be covered by smog tomorrow unless something ……….
147. to clean up the air.
148. A. will be done B. is done C. is being done D. will have been done
153. Texts for additional reading.
155. Text 1. Read the text and do the multiple-choice task given below.
156. CLOCKING CULTURES.
157. What is time? The answer varies from society to society.
158. A If you show up a bit late for a meeting in Brazil, no one will be too worried. But if you keep someone in New York City waiting for ten or fifteen minutes, you may have some explaining to do. Time is seen as relatively flexible in some cultures but is viewed more rigidly in others. Indeed, the way members of a culture perceive and use time tells us about their society's priorities, and even their own personal view of the world.
159. B Back in the 1950s, anthropologist Edward T Hall described how the social rules of time are like a 'silent language' for a given culture. These rules might not always be made explicit, he stated, but 'they exist in the air'. He described how variations in the perception of time can lead to misunderstandings between people from separate cultures. 'An ambassador who has been kept waiting by a foreign visitor needs to understand that if his visitor "just mutters an apology", this is not necessarily an insult,' Hall wrote. 'You must know the social rules of the country to know at what point apologies are really due.'
160. С Social psychologist Robert V Levine says 'One of the beauties of studying time is that it's a wonderful window on culture. You get answers on what cultures value and believe in.' Levine and his colleagues have conducted so-called pace-of-life studies in 31 countries. In A Geography of Time, published in 1997, Levine describes how he ranked the countries by measuring three things: walking speed on urban sidewalks, how quickly postal clerks could fulfill a request for a common stamp, and the accuracy of public clocks. From the data he collected, he concluded that the five fastest-paced countries are Switzerland, Ireland, Germany, Japan and Italy; the five slowest are Syria, El Salvador, Brazil, Indonesia and Mexico.
161. D Kevin Birth, an anthropologist, has examined time perceptions in Trinidad. In that country, Birth observes, 'if you are meeting friends at 6.00 at night, people show up at 6.45 or 7.00 and say, "any time is Trinidad time".' When it comes to business, however, that loose approach works only for the people with power. A boss can show up late and just say 'any time is Trinidad time', but those under him are expected to be on time. Birth adds that the connection between power and waiting time is true for many other cultures as well.
162. E The complex nature of time makes it hard for anthropologists and social psychologists to investigate. 'You can't simply go into a society, walk up to someone and say, "Tell me about your concept of time",' Birth says. 'People don't really have an answer to that. You have to come up with other ways to find out.'
163. F Birth attempted to get at how Trinidadians regard time by exploring how closely their society links time and money. He surveyed rural residents and found that farmers - whose days are dictated by natural events, such as sunrise - did not recognize the phrases time is money, budget your time or time management even though they had satellite TV and were familiar with Western popular culture. But tailors in the same areas were aware of such notions. Birth concluded that wage work altered the tailors' views of time. 'The ideas of associating time with money are not found globally,' he says, 'but are attached to your job and the people you work with.'
164. G In addition to cultural variations in how people deal with time at a practical level, there may be differences in how they visualise it from a more theoretical perspective. The Western idea of time has been compared to that of an arrow in flight towards the future; a one-way view of the future which often includes the expectation that life should get better as time passes. Some cultures see time as closely connected with space: the Australian Aborigines' concept of the 'Dreamtime' combines a myth of how the world began with stories of sacred sites and orientation points that enable the nomadic Aborigines to find their way across the huge Australian landscape. For other cultures, time may be seen as a pattern incorporating the past, present and future, or a wheel in which past, present and future revolve endlessly. But theory and practice do not necessarily go together. There's often considerable variation between how a culture views the mythology of time and how they think about time in their daily lives,' Birth asserts.
165. Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
166. 1. Edward Hall used the example of the ambassador to show that
167. A. people is power are easily insulted.
168. B. rules of time are different now from in the past.
169. C. problems can be caused by different views of time.
170. D. misunderstandings over time cannot be avoided.
172. 2. In his research, Robert Levine measured the speed at which postal workers
173. A. delivered letters
174. B. performed a task
175. C. learned a new skill
176. D. answered a question
178. 3. Kevin Birth found out that in Trinidad
179. A. expectations of punctuality vary according to relationships.
180. B. time is regarded differently from anywhere else.
181. C. employees as well as bosses may be late for work.
182. D. people who are punctual eventually become more powerful.
184. 4. Birth studied Trinidadian attitudes to time by
185. A. asking questions connected with language.
186. B. asking people how they felt about time.
187. C. observing how people behaved in different settings
188. D. collecting phrases to do with time.
190. 5. Birth finds there is often a difference between
191. A. what cultures believe about time and what individuals believe.
192. B. people’s practical and theoretical attitudes to time.
193. C. what people believe about time and what they say.
194. D. people’s past and present attitudes to time.
204. Text 2. Read and translate the text. Look up the idioms given below in a dictionary and see which expressions have comparable equivalents in Russian. Is there a common psychological reason for this?
205. BODY LANGUAGE.
207. Whether or not we realize it, we all use gestures and postures to express ourselves: by means of “body language” we communicate information about our attitudes and feelings, information which may not evident at all in what we are actually saying. In fact many recent studies have shown that careful observation of a person’s body language can give a much more truthful account of what is going on inside that person that the actual words that he or she uses: the more consciously controlled words are often less trustworthy that the spontaneous behaviour of the body itself. This applies to all nationalities, to those who have a reputation for being calm and inexpressive just as much as other renowned for their use of disticulation.
208. Although it is only in relatively recent times that this aspect of human behaviour has been brought to our attention and studied, our verbal language has always used our innate knowledge and understanding of body language. Anyone with an interest in his own language could have formulated a detailed psychological of human behaviour long before the term “body language” was first coined. Why do we describe some people as stiff-necked? What do we mean when we say someone holds his head high? Is there any connection between someone who has both feet on the ground and someone who is described as a pushover? What happens when someone puts his foot down, welcomes you with open arms or tries to keep you at arm’s length?
209. These expressions appear to describe psychological attitudes by referring to postures or attitudes taken up by the body, and when we seriously consider what the body was actually doing in these situations, it is not always easy to see any clear dividing line between a literal and figurative meaning. For example, a child can literally put his foot down and we know immediately that he is obstinately trying to get his own way. We say the same of an adult who acts firmly and insistently, but when your boss puts his foot down and refuses to let you leave work early, it is doubtful whether you will see his foot actually more.
210. Pairs of physical and psychological meanings can be in many of these expressions. A doctor treating you for a bad cough will not mean quite the same thing when he says “Get it off your chest”, as the psychiatrist treating you for depression, and saying exactly the same words. You are encouraged in one case to get the fluid out of your bronchial tubes, and in other to unburden yourself of your worries.
211. In many of these expressions there is a fairly obvious connection between the original physical action described and the more psychological meaning, but in a few, the origin of the idiomatic meaning might be quite mysterious, involving bits of social history. You might have heard the expression to put someone’s leg. If I believe what a friend is saying, even though it is not actually true and is only intended as a joke, he might then say, “I’m only pulling your leg”, meaning he is only teasing me. This expression has a rather gruesome hangman’s practice of pulling his victim’s leg when a rope around his neck failed to have the intended effect. So pulling someone’s leg came to mean joking or teasing, just as the verb torment can refer to play teasing as well as to physical torture. No, I’m not pulling your leg!
212. This last kind of the expression is less frequent that the references to body language which have a more obvious psychological origin. Many idioms which refer to specific parts of the body, such as the head, hands, feet, back, face, heart or even stomach, are likely to reveal interesting insights into the way in which the human body physically reflects mental or emotional states. It is no surprise to find expressions which connect the heart with love, but many suggest a link between the heart and other emotions, particularly courage and fear. You might expect the head to be referred to in expressions the intellect and ideas, but there seem to be just as many, if not more, in which the head is regarded as a symbol or measure of a person’s status.

2735. 1. to keep someone at arm’s length. 2736. 2. to break/rack one’s brain (s) (about smth). 2737. 3. to have smth. on the brain. 2738. 4. to make a clear breast of smth. 2739. 5. to have an eye for smth. 2740. 6. to be up to the ears in smth. 2741. 7. to lose face 2742. 8. to keep a straight face 2743. 9. one’s hair stood on end

2744. 10. not to turn a hair 2745. 11. to be at hand 2746. 12. to lose one’s head 2747. 13. to have one’s heart in smth. 2748. 14. to stretch one’s legs 2749. 15. be a pain in the neck 2750. 16. to poke one’s nose into someone’s business 2751. 17. to have smth. on the tip of one’s tongue 2752. 18. to fight tooth and nail

3. Text 3.
4. BODY TALK
6. In a crowded cafe in Mexico researches watched two people deep in conversation. As they made points during their talk they reached out and touched each other - on the h

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