Civil and military engineering

The term "engineering" is a modern one. However, the art of building houses, palaces, temples, pyramids and other structures was known as far back as many-thousand years ago. Now we call it "civil engineering". It may be of interest for the students to learn that at the time of the Roman Empire there were already two branches of engineering: civil engineering and military engineering." The former included the building of houses, roads, bridges, etc., the latter the building of fortifications and military devices. It is still possible to find the remains of Roman structures not only in Italy but also in some other countries, the ones that were occupied by the Roman legions. Among those countries one may mention the territory of modern England that remained under Roman rule for about four centuries.

As time went on, the art of civil engineering was enriched with new achievements of science. It grew into profession required college training. Nowadays, civil engineering may be spoken of as an important branch of national economy. It deals not only with the building of houses, bridges, roads, tunnels, dams, water systems, etc., but also with the construction of railroads, underground railways, industrial structures, land, water and air transport, etc.

1. Is the profession of engineer an ancient one?

2. What kinds of engineering may be called the most ancient?

3. What kind of engineering was the first to become a profession?

Задание 15. Соотнесите слова с их переводом.

1. universal joint flange 2. serrated fitting 3. universal-joint fork (yoke) 4. hoop layer 5. helically wound layer 6. universal-joint slip yoke 7. universal-joint (propeller) shaft tube 8. needle bearing with close end 9. carbon-fiber reinforced plastic tube 10. shaft

- игольчатый подшипник с закрытым торцом - вал - фланец крепления кардана - скользящая вилка кардана - труба карданного вала - крестовина кардана - шлицованное зубчатое уплотнение - усиленная труба из углеволоконного пластика - стягивающий слой - геликоидальный витой слой

Задание 16. Восстановите предложение и переведите его.

Us eofg rap hit efib err einfo rcedc ompon entsi sal sobe ingc ons ide red.

Ind evel opin go ptim ums pec ific at ionsf orfu elef fic ientli ghttr ucks wei ghtre ducti on do wnsiz edfr on talar eaaer odyn amic im pro veme ntsa ndp ower pla ntsi zing mu stbeco nsi deredi naddi tion toot herf actors.

Задание 17. Напишите сочинение-эссе (600-800 знаков).

Scientific and technological breakthroughs have brought great benefits. You only have to look around your own home to see

New products have also made a major difference to our working places.

Nowadays,

In the future there may be even more major breakthroughs in the fields of

We will be able to

Задание 18. Напишите аннотацию (не более 500 знаков) к тексту.

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