Language notes. Артикли обычно не переводятся на русский язык, однако в некоторых случаях и они требуют перевода:

ПЕРЕВОД АРТИКЛЕЙ

LANGUAGE NOTES

Артикли обычно не переводятся на русский язык, однако в некоторых случаях и они требуют перевода:

1. Неопределенный артикль a/an происходит от слова “one” (один) и иногда переводится как “один, какой-то”, например, We have not a minute to waste. - У нас ни одной лишней минуты.

2. Определенный артикль the происходит от слова “this” (этот) и иногда переводится как “этот, данный, вышеупомянутый”, например, The experiments ended in failure. - Данные эксперименты закончились неудачей.

3. Если определенный артикль используется перед количественным числительным, он переводится как “все три, все пять, и т.д.”, например, He succeeded in solving the three problems. - Ему удалось решить все три задачи.

Функция артикля при переводе на русский язык реализуется с помощью порядка слов. Необходимо иметь в виду, что порядок слов в русском языке не является фиксированным как в английском, однако является синтаксически значимым. Изменение порядка слов в русском предложении меняет смысл предложения, так как новая информация обычно содержится в конце русского предложения. Например, The boy entered the room. - Мальчик вошел в комнату. A boy entered the room. - В комнату вошел мальчик.

6.2. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the articles:

A. 1. Is there a bank near here? 2. There was not a man alive there. 3. Neutron stars are known to rotate very quickly. The star makes a revolution per minute. 4. There seems to be a little chance that life can exist on a planet if the planet differs greatly from the Earth in size and weight. 5. Suppose the central electrode is a thin wire in a duct 20 cm in diameter. 6. I’ve seen the man. 7. The four known methods have been applied to minute to waste. 9. If you manage to solve the five problems you get the prize. If a problem remains unsolved you become an outsider. 10. I can’t vote for the proposal.

B.1. It seems to me I’ve seen the man. 2. The usefulness of the tests is questionable. 3. In the evening before going to bed he used to read a book for an hour or so. 4. I know the five devices well enough. 5. The act of transmitting a signal from one frequency band to another is called modulation. 6.She didn’t want to utter even a word. 7. I expected to see a new device but yours is an outdated one. 8. Certain materials exhibit piezoelectric properties, that is when subjected to a mechanical stress they develop an electrostatic charge. The effect has been employed usefully in many variations.

UNIT 7

ПЕРЕВОД СЛОВ С ОКОНЧАНИЕМ ING

В английском языке имеются три части речи, оканчивающиеся на ing: причастие I, герундий и отглагольное существительное. Для правильного перевода важно определить функцию слова с окончанием ing в предложении.

Герундий сочетает в себе свойства глагола и существительного:

свойства глагола	свойства существительного
1. Герундий может иметь обстоятельства: I need going there at once. Мне нужно немедленно пойти туда.	1. Герундий может иметь притяжательное местоимение: I like his singing. Мне нравится, как он поет.
2. Герундий может иметь прямое дополнение: This is a diagram of recording temperature. Это график показаний температуры.	2. Герундий может иметь предлог: This is a device for measuring temperature. Это прибор для измерения температуры.
3. Герундий может приобретать активную или пассивную форму: I suggest recording the results. Я предлагаю фиксировать результаты. I need the results being recorded. Мне нужно, чтобы результаты были зафиксированы.	2. Как и существительное, герундий может быть подлежащим или частью составного сказуемого, (Seeing is believing. Лучше один раз увидеть, чем сто раз услышать.); дополнением (I like reading. Я люблю читать.); обстоятельством (After finishing school he entered the university. После окончания школы он поступил в университет.).
4. Герундий может приобретать перфектную форму: After having recorded the results they started analysing them. После того как результаты были зафиксированы, их начали анализировать.

Поскольку в русском языке нет части речи, однозначно соответствующей герундию, его можно переводить несколькими способами, в зависимости от функции:

1. The device for measuring temperature is called thermometer.

Устройство для измерения температуры называется термометром. (существительное)

2. He succeeded in performing the experiment.

Ему удалось осуществить эксперимент. (инфинитив)

3. We can increase the current by reducing the resistance of the circuit.

Можно увеличить силу тока, уменьшая сопротивление. (деепричастие)

4. We didn’t know of his having made experiment.

Мы не знали о том, что он провел эксперимент. (придаточное предложение)

Причастие I, сочетающее свойства глагола и прилагательного, обычно не представляет трудностей при переводе, за исключением случаев, когда оно функционирует как обстоятельство. В отличие от герундия, оно не сопровождается предлогом, но может сопровождаться союзом. В этом случае причастие I можно перевести несколькими способами:

АНГЛ.: Translating the text the student consulted the dictionary. = While translating the text the student consulted the dictionary. = When translating the text the student consulted the dictionary.

РУС.: Переводя текст, студент пользовался словарем. (деепричастие) = Когда студент переводил текст, он пользовался словарем. (придаточное предложение) = При переводе текста студент пользовался словарем. (существительное)

7.1. Find the gerunds and translate the sentences:

1. He remembers having added some water to the mixture. 2. They finished installing the apparatus only on Saturday. 3. They began making the experiment in May. 4. There are different ways of obtaining the substance. 5. We heard of the experiment having been started last week. 6. Instead of restoring the old theatre they decided to build a new one in the centre of the town. 7. New possibilities for applying atomic energy open up. 8. It is possible to set up power stations based on utilising the heat of the Sun. 9. The idea of creating a step rocket belongs to Tsiolkovsky. 10. Before being sent up the balloon was filled with a special gas. 11. What apparatus do we use for measuring air pressure? 12. Science requires experimenting.

7.2. Find the gerunds, determine their functions and translate the sentences:

1. The device for measuring the strength of the current is called ammeter. 2. He succeeded in performing the experiment. 3. We can increase the current by reducing the resistance of the circuit. 4. We didn’t know of his having made the experiment. 5. Monkeys get from one tree to another by swinging on lianas hundred of times a day. 6. Wash minor wounds and grazes with soap and water and follow this by applying an adhesive dressing. 7. A sprinter in a 100 meter race may perform work of very high intensity without actually using any oxygen at the time. 8. By analysing the brightness of the luminescence they estimated the amount of bacteria in the leaf. 9. The analysis of the phenomenon was very useful in helping us to understand the ways of nature and our ways of looking at it. 10. Planes and helicopters can become highly electrically charged either from flying through dust or snow or from encountering strong electric fields in clouds.

7.3. Find the participles, determine their functions and translate the sentences:

1. The channel linking the two seas is being built now. 2. Having obtained the necessary results they stopped their experimental work. 3. When studying elements Mendeleyev found that they could be divided into nine groups. 4. When writing a telegram we must use as few words as possible. 5. Being built in a new way modern houses have better facilities. 6. While waiting for him I looked through the magazines lying on the table. 7. They stayed at home refusing to go out. 8. Having passed all the examinations he left for his native town.

7.4. Find the words with ing -ending, determine their part of speech and translate the sentences:

1. He is reading a very interesting book, don’t interrupt him. 2. She’s a famous singer. Everybody likes her singing. 3. – Where is Nick? – He’s over there, at the window reading something. 4. I must have a look at the text before reading it. 5. The reading of the poem was excellent. 6. I suggest reading it at once. 7. After having read the book we can discuss it. 8. In manufacturing goods special attention should be paid to their quality. 9. A new electron tube has been designed for generating power at microwave frequency. 10. Almost every processing industry is now exploring the use of microwave heat.

7.5. Translate the sentences paying attention to the words with ing -ending:

A. 1. The monument needs restoring. 2. The monument of what century are you restoring? 3. The monument of what century is being restored? 4. The experts restoring the monument were provided with modern equipment. 5. With the help of a magnet we can hold two metal plates together without tying them. 6. He pointed out that the assembling time of the apparatus was very short. 7. The police were informed of the criminals having appeared in the city. 8. The committee studied the problem of improving the bus service in the town without increasing the number of buses operating on the routs. 9. Increasing population of the world changes the face of the Earth. 10. Heating the substance to high temperature may change its properties. 11. Being heated to high temperature the substance considerably expanded. 12. The substance was being heated for three hours.

B. 1. Leaving the earth means moving upwards against gravity, and this requires work. 2. The moon keeps moving around the earth without slowing down considerably. 3. Before discussing the method it is necessary to get some additional information. 4. It’s a device for converting an optical image into an electrical signal. 5. They succeeded in solving the two problems. 6. His measuring of pressure was accurate. 7. They had difficulties in transmitting the signal. 8. We can improve the device by making it lighter. 9. They told us of his having solved the problem. 10. For radically improving the vehicle he was granted a patent.

UNIT 8

ПЕРЕВОД ИНФИНИТИВА. ЦЕПОЧКИ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ

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