Civil Cases

Text

Section II

Match the synonyms.

Exercise 5

Fill in the chart using the topic-related words (use the dictionary if necessary; the first example has been done for you).

Verb	Noun (concept)	Noun (person)	Adjective
to present	presentation	presenter	Presentable/ presentationable
	intervention
		judge
			decisive
	persuasion
		referee
			determined
			defamatory

Exercise 6

Complete the following sentences by using an appropriate form of the word in capitals.

1. The parties are… to win the case.	DETERMINATION
2. The … does not direct what people have to do.	JUDGMENT
3. The verdict depends on the strength of the evidence and … abilities of the respective barristers.	c. PERSUADE
4. The judge can and often … the trial to ask questions of his own.	d. INTERVENE
5. I’m seeking … of the regulations.	e. CLARIFY

Exercise 7

1. Advocacy	a. Arbiter
2. Judgment	b. Adversary
3. Determine	c. Claimant
4. Proceeding	d. Respondent
5. Defendant	e. Trial
6. Plaintiff	f. Decide
7. Contestant	g. Decision in a civil trial
8. Judge	h. A right to present a case

Pre-reading task: Find in the text above the English equivalents for the following words and expressions:

1. истец;

2. судебное разбирательство;

3. частные лица;

4. денежная компенсация ущерба;

5. наличие более веских доказательств;

6. письменные объяснения, возражения ответчика по делу;

7. ответчик;

8. встречный иск;

9. бремя доказывания;

10. ответственность за ущерб;

11. подать иск, возбудить дело.

Civil cases are usually disputes between or among private citizens, corporations, governments, government agencies, and other organizations. Most often, the party bringing the suit is asking for money damages for some wrong that has been done.

The party bringing the suit is called the plaintiff; the party being sued is called the defendant. There may be many plaintiffs or many defendants in the same case.

The plaintiff starts the lawsuit by filing a paper called a complaint, in which the case against the defendant is stated. The next paper filed is usually the answer, in which the defendant disputes what the plaintiff has said in the complaint. The defendant may also feel that there has been a wrong committed by the plaintiff, in which case a counterclaim will be filed along with the answer. It is up to the plaintiff to prove the case against the defendant. This is called the plaintiff’s burden of proof, a burden that the plaintiff must meet in order to win. In most civil cases the plaintiff’s burden is to prove the case by a preponderance of evidence, that is, that the plaintiff’s version of what happened in the case is more probably true than not true.

Exercise 8

Match the following English expressions with their Russian equivalents:

1. evidence for the plaintiff	a. вызывать истца в суд
2. judgment for the plaintiff	b. выступать в суде в качестве адвоката истца
3. plaintiff’s claim	c. доказательства в пользу истца
4. to appear for the plaintiff	d. исковое требование
5. to call the plaintiff	e. свидетель, выставленный истцом
6. witness by the plaintiff	f. судебное решение в пользу истца

Exercise 9

a) The word DEFENDANT has the following meanings in Russian:

1. ответчик

civil defendant - ответчик

2. обвиняемый

bailed defendant – обвиняемый или подсудимый, освобожденный (из-под стражи) под залог

3. подсудимый

judgment for the defendant – судебное решение в пользу ответчика или подсудимого

4. подзащитный

representation of defendant – представительство интересов подзащитного или подсудимого

b) Match the following English expressions with their Russian equivalents:

1. convicted defendant	a.подсудимый, содержащийся под стражей
2. defendant in custody	b.осужденный
3. defendant’s record	c.досье подсудимого
4. defendant’s story	d.свидетель, выставленный ответчиком/подсудимым
5. defendant’s witness	e.версия, выдвинутая обвиняемым

c) Make your own sentences with the words combinations.

e.g. The defendant’s witness first took the oath, according to the customs of their religion and gave testimonial evidence.

Exercise 10

Answer the following questions:

1. What is a civil case?

2. Who is a plaintiff?

3. Who is a defendant?

4. What is a complaint?

5. What is an answer?

6. What is a counterclaim?

7. What is a burden of proof?

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